To prevent further escapes, Henry had Robert Curthose's eyes burnt out. Although he kept a large number of stipendiary soldiers, to whom he was a liberal master (Cont. 880, 881). passim; for summary of events relating to his doings on the continent, index with references to Recueil des Historiens, xii. The Church was still proving a little troublesome, though. Soc. Henry's need for finance to consolidate his position led to an increase in the activities of centralized government. p. 838; D'Achery, Spicilegium, iii. In 1094 he received an invitation from Rufus, who was then carrying on open war against Robert in Normandy, to meet him with Hugh of Chester at Eu, and because the duchy was in too disturbed a state for them to pass through it safely, Rufus sent ships to bring them (A.-S. Chron. The plot was discovered, and the traitor punished by mutilation.

A body of knights from the Vexin for a moment shook the Norman lines, but was quickly repulsed. The two armies retired each to its own quarters. She died after 1157, and was also known as Adela (or Lucia) Corbet. An unforgiving enemy, he was said to be an equally steadfast friend. Indeed, the Duke of Normandy had already tried to wrest the throne from his father back in 1078-9 CE when he had gained the support of Philip I of France (r. 1059-1108 CE). Henry died on 1 December 1135 CE at Saint Denis-le-Fermont in Rouen, Normandy. In 1111 Fulk V of Anjou joined Louis against him, for Fulk had married the daughter and heiress of Elias of Maine, and on the death of his father-in-law revived the old claim of his house on Maine; the war increased in importance, and Henry remained in Normandy for about two years. We have also been recommended for educational use by the following publications: Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. After the decisive battle of Tinchebrai in 1106 in Normandy, Henry completed his conquest of Normandy from Robert, who then (unusually even for that time) spent the last 28 years of his life as his brother's prisoner in various castles in England and Wales. When, on August 2, 1100, William II was killed by an arrow in yet another hunting accident in the New Forest, Duke Robert had not yet returned from the First Crusade. All his dominions would now naturally pass at his death to his enemy, William Clito. At the time, the incident was regarded as an accident and Tirel was not punished for his part in the tragedy. Following Queen Matilda’s death in 1118 CE, Henry married his second wife, Adeliza, the daughter of Godfrey VII, Count of Louvain (l. 1060-1139 CE) who was crowned queen in 1121 CE. He was the eldest of Henry's sons (Continuat. Since in many cases they owed the crown military services, he was anxious to maintain the feudal bond between the bishops and the crown. Left without male heirs, Henry took the unprecedented step of making his barons swear to accept his daughter Empress Matilda, widow of Henry V, the Holy Roman Emperor, as his heir. ii. Not only did Robert's wealth and dominions make him a dangerous foe, but the chief men in Henry's army also sympathised with him. Juliana tried to kill her father by a shot from an engine. 12). He received absolution and the last sacrament, and died in peace (ib. With a number of barons supporting Robert, however, Henry's succession was precarious.

Henry I of England, York Minsterby Allan Harris (CC BY-SA).

viii. Henry's enemies, and above all Robert of Bellême, who was now in alliance with the duke, were active, and were joined by William of Mortain, one of the king's bitterest foes, who claimed the earldom of Kent as heir of Bishop Odo. Juliane de Fontevrault(born c. 1090); married Eustace de Pacy in 1103. But his chaotic reign of Normandy prompted Henry to invade.

Crucially, the king did not leave a recognised male heir (although he did leave behind 21 illegitimate children).

Robert renounced his claim on England and on homage from Henry, and both agreed that if either should die without leaving an heir born in wedlock the other should succeed to his dominions (A.-S. Its business was recorded, and the earliest exchequer roll known to be in existence is that of the thirty-first year of Henry I. The Chronicler William of Malmesbury asserts that Henry once remarked that an illiterate King was a crowned ass.

He caught his old enemy, Robert of Bellême, sent him over to an English prison, and captured his town of Alençon. 1100). Scriptt.

264), and received the submission of the Welsh nobles, who gave him their sons as hostages, and paid him tribute, so that he is said to have fully subdued the land (Giraldus Cambrensis, iii. He was crowned King of England on 5 August 1100 in Westminster Abbey, Westminster, London, and styled 'Dei Gratiâ Rex Anglorum. Books

"Henry I of England." No battle took place; for the brothers had an interview, were reconciled, and came to terms. He issued an ingenious Charter of Liberties, which purported to end capricious taxes, confiscations of church revenues, and other abuses of his predecessor. He also carried on the work begun by his brother of making Carlisle an English city by completing the monastery of Austin canons, and making it the cathedral church of a bishop of Carlisle. He used itinerant officials to curb abuses of power at the local and regional level, garnering the praise of the people. He held a council at Rouen in October, and endeavoured to make peace with his lords. Annales Monast.

The exchequer was developed to deal with royal revenues and royal justices began to tour the shires to reinforce local administration and inquire into revenues, often aggressively. Certainly he moved fast to take advantage of it; leaving Rufus's body unattended in the woods, he swooped down on Winchester to take control of the treasury. 319). He was not without religion. 41). He was thus attending his brother, William, in the New Forest when he was accidentally (or otherwise) shot dead whilst out hunting on 2nd August 1100. Henry was successful in keeping the peace in England despite spending much time in Normandy. Cambriæ, Descript. ; Florence of Worc., William of Malm., Gesta Stephani, and William of Newburgh, all Engl.

col. 470). 485; Freeman, Norman Conquest, iv. The good relations between king and Church are further indicated by Henry’s use of the financial management skills of Roger, Bishop of Salisbury (d. 1139 CE) who served in that capacity for 36 years and who even acted as viceroy when the king was absent in Normandy. He developed the English system of justice and organised the civil service of the time, particularly the taxation department. He also studied English law, possibly with a view to entering the Church, like so many other younger sons. Henry I (circa 1068 – 1 December 1135) was the fourth son of William the Conqueror and the first born in England after the Norman Conquest of 1066. His mother, Queen Matilda, was descended from Alfred the Great (but not through the main West Saxon Royal line). Henry and the nobles met with mutual suspicions. A third brother, Robert Curthose (l. c. 1052 - c. 1135 CE), Duke of Normandy, was also ambitious for the throne, and the two battled to unify their two territories as their father had done.

1180? The couple married in November 1100 CE, and Matilda was crowned queen in the same year, her reign lasting until 1118 CE. Henry, however, turned out the castellan and made it his own.

His remains were sewn into the hide of a bull to preserve them on the journey, and then taken back to England and were buried at Reading Abbey, which he had founded fourteen years before. No one could claim that he did not aim to please. Read more. The war cost much money, and Englishmen moaned over the burdens which were laid upon them; ‘those who had goods,’ the chronicler writes, ‘were bereft of them by strong gelds and strong motes; he who had none starved with hunger.’ The law was enforced vigorously, and sometimes probably unjustly; at Huncote in Leicestershire the king's justices at one time hanged forty-four men as thieves, and mutilated six others, some of whom, it was generally believed, were innocent.

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