Although it upheld segregation and the idea of "separate but equal" facilities, the Court declared it a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment's "equal protection" clause for Missouri to force students to seek education out of state because of their race. The University of Missouri Black Law Students Association’s documentary shines a light on the United States Supreme Court case brought by Lloyd L. Gaines. "Missouri's Debt to Lloyd L. Gaines: A Battle of Yesterday—Integrating Mizzou.". Up in Supreme Court. In the spring of 1926, Lloyd's family went to live in St. Louis with his older brother, George Gaines. There are many unproven theories about what happened to Lloyd Gaines—from foul play by white supremacists or people to whom he owed money, to being bribed to leave Missouri, to simply getting tired and giving up. Since he was not in regular contact with his family or lawyers, it was not until October that he was truly considered missing. Gaines cited that the refusal violated the Fourteenth Amendment. ", "Rules Negro Has No Right in White Schools of State. ". Together, they challenged the University of Missouri's admissions policies. Lloyd Lionel Gaines applied to the University of Missouri School of Law in 1936. Unless otherwise noted, © The State Historical Society of Missouri, The State Historical Society of Missouri's Historic Missourians. Missouri ex rel. Missouri lawmakers swiftly created a black law school in 1939 to avoid desegregating the University of Missouri, so the NAACP prepared another case to try to force the university to admit Gaines. In spite of an outstanding scholastic record, Gaines was denied admission based solely on the grounds that Missouri's Constitution called for "separate education of the races."

When Lloyd's case was argued before the US Supreme Court on November 9, 1938, however, things went differently. After attending Stowe Teachers College for a year, Lloyd left St. Louis to attend Lincoln University in Jefferson City. Segregation is the practice of separating people by race, ethnicity, or class through legal or illegal methods. After his Supreme Court victory, he became a minor celebrity and gave several public speeches, but he was in constant debt and financial trouble. The Law Barn: A Brief History of the School of Law, University of Missouri. Gaines eventually sought work in Chicago. On April 15, 1936, Lloyd and his lawyers from the NAACP sued to gain entry into the University of Missouri. An equal opportunity/access/affirmative action/pro-disabled and veteran employer. All rights reserved. The Society is not responsible for the content of the following websites: UMSL Black History Project Collection, 1895-1983 (S0201), National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), University of Missouri, President's Office, Papers, 1892-1966 (C2582), W. E. B.

He graduated in 1935 with a history degree and began to consider continuing his studies by going to law school. He left behind a bag of belongings, but no clues concerning his whereabouts. The State of Missouri had offered to pay for Gaines's tuition at an adjacent state's law school, which he turned down. In a letter to his mother written just before his disappearance, Gaines had expressed frustration with how the lawsuit had affected his life. Some materials contained in these collections do still retain copyright and have only been made available digitally by permission of the copyright owner.

In March, Gaines was formally denied admission to the law school because he was black. But Gaines soon disappeared. ", "Negro's Test Case on Missouri U. Case. At the time, blacks could attend no law school specifically in the state. He disappeared at age 28 with his promise of attending law school in Missouri unfulfilled. Lloyd Gaines was never to be seen or heard from again. If you have questions about using or reproducing an image or work, please contact Cynthia Bassett or Needra Jackson. He excelled as a high school student, serving on the school debate team, writing for the school journal, and winning election as vice president of his senior class. He sought legal assistance from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), which had been working systematically to overturn the ignominious precedent of "separate but equal" established in Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896. ", Cronan, Patrick. View the Lloyd L. Gaines Digital Collection. Due to his absence, his case seeking admittance to the University of Missouri was dropped. Lloyd's case was partially based on Plessy v. Ferguson, a US Supreme Court case from 1896 which upheld segregated public facilities if they were "separate but equal." Mizzou Law | 203 Hulston Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 ", "U.S. Supreme Court Rules Missouri Must Admit Negro. By state law, Missouri would have been required to pay for Gaines to attend the universities in Iowa, Kansas or Nebraska, but Gaines was determined to fight for the right to attend law school in his own state. Find the complete Constitutions of the State of Missouri for 1820 and 1865. Many even squarely campaigned against Gaines. On January 24, 1936, lawyers from the NAACP sued Canada to force a decision.

The University of Missouri School of Law Library is working to provide digital access to some of our special collections that would otherwise be largely hidden. Although Lloyd's case was highly publicized by members of the black press such as Lucile Bluford of the Kansas City Call, newspapers controlled by whites gave uneven coverage of the lawsuit. For more information about Lloyd Gaines's life and career, see the following resources: These links will take you outside the Society's website. The digital collection is made up of family letters that shed light on the economic difficulties that Lloyd and his family faced in working to provide him with an advanced education; family photographs; case materials; sections of the Missouri constitutions and laws that pertain to the education of African-Americans in Missouri; dissertations by scholars studying the Gaines case and the African-American educational experience in Missouri; newspaper articles that demonstrate the thoughts of students and others through the years regarding de-segregation and the Gaines case; and the efforts made by the University of Missouri and the School of Law to recognize Lloyd Gaines' contributions to history. Just one month later, on December 12, the Court ruled in favor of Gaines. The Registrar at the Law School of the University of Missouri, Silas Woodson Canada, refused admission to Lloyd Gaines because he was black. Lloyd Crow Stark was the governor of Missouri from 1937-1941, while Lloyd Gaines was pursuing his legal case against the University of Missouri. While his fate is unknown, it is known that Lloyd Gaines's case inspired other African Americans, including Lucile Bluford, to seek admittance into "white only" state universities. Gaines applied to MU's law school in the summer of 1935. The University of Missouri School of Law Library is pleased to make these resources freely available for scholars, researchers and others to advance their knowledge and understanding of the struggle for civil rights in Missouri in the early twentieth century. ", "Supreme Court to Review Barring of Negro by M.U.

This decision meant that not only Missouri but all segregationist states were technically required either to provide matching educational programs at a black university, or to allow black students entry into a "white only" university where their desired program existed. Lloyd Lionel Gaines applied to the University of Missouri School of Law in 1936. The following is a selected list of books, articles, and manuscripts about Lloyd Gaines in the research centers of The State Historical Society of Missouri.

His attorneys also based their argument on the Fourteenth Amendment to the US Constitution, which guarantees "the equal protection of the laws" for everyone in each state. The Civil Rights Movement was a mass social movement during the 1950s and 1960s in the United States that sought to end racial inequality, segregation, and discrimination against African Americans. Grothaus, Larry. ", Clayton, Edward T. "The Strange Disappearance of Lloyd Gaines. Du Bois at Lincoln University: Founders' Day Address, 1941, Desegregation in a Border State: The Example of Joplin, Missouri, "Court Rules against Negro in M.U. To honor his struggle for civil rights, the university renamed its Gaines/Oldham Black Culture Center after him in 2000, and the MU School of Law awarded Gaines an honorary law degree in 2006. In March 1939, only three months after his Supreme Court victory, Lloyd Gaines was last seen in Chicago, IL.

In 1939, Stark signed the Taylor Bill, which hastily created a black law school associated with Lincoln University, as a way to avoid integrating the University of Missouri. Yet he caught up quickly. Endersby, James W., and William T. Horner.

Formed in 1909, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is an African American civil rights organization whose mission is "to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate race-based discrimination.". Lloyd graduated from Vashon High School in 1931, and an essay that he wrote earned him a $250 scholarship for college.

Bar on Negro Argued in Supreme Court. One of his former professors at Lincoln University claimed Gaines had relocated to Mexico and that he had spoken to him over the phone. Lloyd had ten other siblings, but several of them died during Lloyd's childhood, as did his father. Silas W. Canada, the university registrar, refused to decide on his admission. In spite of an outstanding scholastic record, Gaines was denied admission based solely on the grounds that Missouri's Constitution called for "separate education of the races." Missouri's highest court ruled against Gaines on December 9, 1937. Gaines v. Canada was cited in Brown v. Board of Education, which outlawed legal segregation in educational facilities in 1954. In 1936 Gaines petitioned the courts to require the University of Missouri to admit Gaines, an African American, to the Law School at the University. In spite of an outstanding scholastic record, Gaines was denied admission based solely on the grounds that Missouri's Constitution called for "separate education of the races." This project seeks to illuminate Lloyd Gaines' life, document his pioneering pursuit of true equal rights to a legal education, and memorialize the long overdue, posthumous recognition of his personal sacrifice in the advancement of civil rights. There he visited an old girlfriend and stayed at a fraternity house, where he was last seen sometime in March.

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