The teachers retreated after three attempts, and marched to a mass meeting where they were celebrated as heroes by the black community.[29]. The Selma Voting Rights Campaign officially started on January 2, 1965, when King addressed a mass meeting in Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church in defiance of the anti-meeting injunction. Bei seiner Trauerfeier wollten Vertreter von DCVL und SNCC über das Leben und die Ziele Boyntons sprechen, weshalb Sheriff Jim Clark die Kirche umstellen ließ, um die Feier zu verhindern. Selma To Montgomery. However, in an incident that drew national attention, Dr. King was knocked down and kicked by a leader of the National States Rights Party, who was quickly arrested by Chief Baker. Even after the Civil Rights Act of 1964 forbade discrimination in voting on the basis of race, efforts by civil rights organizations such as the Southern Christian Leadership Council (SCLC) and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) to register black voters met with fierce resistance in southern states such as Alabama. On January 15, King called President Johnson and the two agreed to begin a major push for voting rights legislation which would assist in advancing the passage of more anti-poverty legislation. According to their respective strategies, Chief Baker's police were cordial toward demonstrators, but Sheriff Clark refused to let black registrants enter the county courthouse. He tried to persuade Wallace to stop the state harassment of the protesters. [19], With civil rights activity blocked by Judge Hare's injunction, Frederick Douglas Reese requested the assistance of King and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). The Selma to Montgomery marches were three protest marches, held in 1965, along the 54-mile (87 km) highway from Selma, Alabama, to the state capital of Montgomery. Smitherman appointed veteran lawman Wilson Baker to head the city's 30-man police force. On January 22, Frederick Reese, a black schoolteacher who was also DCVL President, finally convinced his colleagues to join the campaign and register en masse. The Right to Vote!!! Trail of Tears | The SCLC joined in support of the boycott. Only this third march, which began on March 21, reached the Alabama State Capitol in Montgomery. Selma students organized themselves after the SCLC leaders were arrested.

According to Booker T. Washington, writing in his 1901 autobiography, So far as I can learn, the term [Black Belt] was first used to designate a part of the country which was distinguished by the colour of the soil. [32] When asked if she would do it again, Cooper told Jet, "I try to be nonviolent, but I just can't say I wouldn't do the same thing all over again if they treat me brutish like they did this time. Februar ein Staatspolizist auf einen jungen Mann, der acht Tage später seiner Verletzung erlag. "There will be no march between Selma and Montgomery," Wallace said on March 6, 1965, citing concern over traffic violations. Thus, if county or local practices resulted in a significant minority population being unable to elect candidates of their choice, the practices were considered to be discriminatory in effect. Ultimately, their coalition foundered on SCLC's commitment to nonviolence and (at the time) the Democratic Party. Against the objections of James Bevel, some protesters threw bricks and bottles at police. David Ellwanger, a brother of Rev. [6], 1996 wurde die Route der damaligen Märsche durch den Kongress der Vereinigten Staaten als Selma To Montgomery National Historic Trail ausgewiesen und in das National Trails System aufgenommen.

[37] Dr. King later said that he thought this was an attack on him. In the early years of the Act, overall progress was slow, with local registrars continuing to use their power to deny African Americans voting access. [47][48] King told his staff on February 10 that "to get the bill passed, we need to make a dramatic appeal through Lowndes and other counties because the people of Selma are tired. At the time of the march, the population of Lowndes County was 81% black and 19% white, but not a single black was registered to vote. Old Spanish Trail | El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Trail | The first march took place on March 7, 1965, organized locally by Bevel, Amelia Boynton, and others. Santa Fe Trail | Assistant Attorney General John Doar and former Florida governor LeRoy Collins, representing President Lyndon Johnson, went to Selma to meet with King and others at Richie Jean Jackson's house[44][68] and privately urged King to postpone the march. [69], Following the death of James Reeb, a memorial service was held at the Brown's Chapel AME Church on March 15. Federal District Court Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr.. At the turn of the 20th century, the Alabama state legislature passed a new constitution that effectively disenfranchised most blacks and many poor whites by requirements for payment of a poll tax and passing a literacy test and comprehension of the constitution. [137] In March 1975, Coretta Scott King, the widow of Martin Luther King Jr., led four thousand marchers commemorating Bloody Sunday. Well, what are you saying?

State officials had received orders to target Vivian, and a line of Alabama state troopers waited for the marchers at the Perry County courthouse. The second march took place March 9. [36] In response to Thomas' favorable ruling, and in alarm at Malcolm X's visit, Andrew Young, who was not in charge of the Selma movement, said he would suspend demonstrations. In 1961, the population of Dallas County was 57% black, but of the 15,000 blacks old enough to vote, only 130 were registered (fewer than 1%). A week after Reeb's death, on Wednesday March 17, Judge Johnson ruled in favor of the protesters, saying their First Amendment right to march in protest could not be abridged by the state of Alabama: The law is clear that the right to petition one's government for the redress of grievances may be exercised in large groups . To prevent another outbreak of violence, SCLC attempted to gain a court order that would prohibit the police from interfering. Hanes Walton Jr, Sherman Puckett, and Donald R Deskins, 2015 Academy Award song performance upon a stage-sized replica of the Edmund Pettus bridge, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, Shuttlesworth v. Birmingham Board of Education, Armstrong v. Birmingham Board of Education, Smith v. Young Men's Christian Association, University of Alabama desegregation crisis, Tuskegee High School desegregation crisis, Selma to Montgomery National Historic Trail, Summer Community Organization & Political Education project, "Swarthmore College Bulletin (July 2014)", "Movement Revision Research Summary Regarding James Bevel", Are You "Qualified" to Vote? Collins suggested to King that he make a symbolic witness at the bridge, then turn around and lead the marchers back to Selma. Preparations for mass registration commenced in early January, and with King out of town fundraising, were largely under the leadership of Diane Nash. "[124] Dr. King demanded that federal registrars be sent to every county covered by the Act, but Attorney General Katzenbach refused. President Johnson called Reeb's widow and father to express his condolences (he would later invoke Reeb's memory when he delivered a draft of the Voting Rights Act to Congress). The date had been chosen because Sheriff Clark was out of town, and Chief Baker had stated he would not enforce the injunction. SNCC organizer Stokely Carmichael argued that "the movement itself is playing into the hands of racism, because what you want as a nation is to be upset when anybody is killed [but] for it to be recognized, a white person must be killed. Clark later was prosecuted and convicted of drug smuggling and served a prison sentence. At midday, Judge Thomas, at the Justice Department's urging, issued an injunction that suspended Alabama's current literacy test, ordered Selma to take at least 100 applications per registration day, and guaranteed that all applications received by June 1 would be processed before July.

P. H. Lewis, pastor of Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church, ran for state representative on the Democratic ticket. [140] Also, in 1996, the Olympic torch made its way across the bridge with its carrier, Andrew Young, along with many public officials, to symbolize how far the South has come. Continental Divide Trail | [55], Governor Wallace denounced the march as a threat to public safety; he said that he would take all measures necessary to prevent it from happening. According to Joseph A. Califano Jr., who served as head of domestic affairs for U.S. President Lyndon Johnson between the years 1965 and 1969, the President viewed King as an essential partner in getting the Voting Rights Act enacted. [123] The United States Civil Rights Commission acknowledged that "The Attorney General moved slowly in exercising his authority to designate counties for examiners ... he acted only in counties where he had ample evidence to support the belief that there would be intentional and flagrant violation of the Act. [142], After John Lewis died in July 2020, he managed to cross the bridge one last time when his casket, which was carried by a horse-drawn caisson, crossed along the same route he walked during the Bloody Sunday march. S. 129. Marchers and State Troopers, March 7, 1965 3. James Forman quipped that by quoting "We Shall Overcome", Johnson had simply "spoiled a good song". [76] Among those who addressed the packed congregation were Dr. King, labor leader Walter Reuther, and some clergymen. [38] But Malcolm told Coretta Scott King that he thought to aid the campaign by warning white people what "the alternative" would be if Dr. King failed in Alabama. Bevel strategized that this would focus the anger and pain of the people of Marion and Selma toward a nonviolent goal, as many were so outraged they wanted to retaliate with violence.[52][53]. Supporting them were national figures: author James Baldwin and his brother David, and comedian Dick Gregory and his wife Lillian (she was later arrested for picketing with SNCC activists and local supporters).

Washington, DC. The civil rights protestors sought and received an injunction for a third march, which was granted by Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr. on March 17. The argument was resolved only when both were arrested. [17], On October 7, 1963, one of two days during the month when residents were allowed to go to the courthouse to apply to register to vote, SNCC's James Forman and the DCVL mobilized more than 300 blacks from Dallas County to line up at the voter registration office in what was called a "Freedom Day". When Young spoke at the Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church as part of the torch ceremony, he said, "We couldn't have gone to Atlanta with the Olympic Games if we hadn't come through Selma a long time ago. So wurde der Protestmarsch auf dem U.S. Highway 80 verhindert, der in die Hauptstadt des Bundesstaates Alabama führen sollte, einer jener elf Sklavenhalter-Staaten (Südstaaten), die sich 1860/1861 nach der Wahl Abraham Lincolns zum US-Präsidenten von der Union abgespalten hatten. National Park Service Logo National Park Service.

The US 80 corridor has been described in an EPA summary as a "54-mile corridor of high unemployment, health issues, lower educational and economic achievements, and severe rural isolation". Juli erließ ein lokales Gericht eine Verfügung, nach der es Bürgerrechtsorganisationen verboten wurde, Versammlungen von drei oder mehr Personen zu organisieren. This act prohibited most of the unfair practices used to prevent blacks from registering to vote, and provided for federal registrars to go to Alabama and other states with a history of voting-related discrimination to ensure that the law was implemented by overseeing registration and elections.

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