The Battle of Chaldiran or Chaldoran (Persian: چالدران‎, Turkish language: Çaldıran) occurred on 23 August 1514 and ended with a victory for the Ottoman Empire over the Safavid Empire. The Battle of Chaldiran (Persian: جنگ چالدران ‎; Turkish: Çaldıran Savaşı) took place on 23 August 1514 and ended with a decisive victory for the Ottoman Empire over the Safavid Empire.As a result, the Ottomans annexed Eastern Anatolia and northern Iraq from Safavid Iran. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. In the meantime, more information about the article and the author can be found by clicking on the author’s name. Losses: Ottoman, 3,000 of 100,000; Safavid, 6,000 of 20,000. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The Chaldiran battle was just the beginning of 41 years of destructive war, which only ended in 1555 with the Treaty of Amasya. The Battle of Chaldiran marked the beginning of forty years of war between the Ottomans and Safavids. Battle of Chāldirān, (August 23, 1514), military engagement in which the Ottomans won a decisive victory over the Ṣafavids of Iran and went on to gain control of eastern Anatolia. The Battle of Chaldiran. Shah Ismail I, who was wounded and almost captured in the battle, retired to his palace and withdrew from government administration[10] after his wives were captured by Selim I,[11] with at least one married off to one of Selim's statesmen. It consists of a domed tomb for a Persian general, Sayyed Sharif-al-Din Ali Shirazi, who fell in the battle. [22] Ismail did not participate in government affairs,[23] as his aura of invincibility was shattered. 3 By simply having looked at the broadsheet’s publication date, 17 June 1514, scholars would have re-alized that it did not, because that battle took place on 23 August 1514, or more than two months later.4 But, even if we ignore this chronological in- At Chaldiran, the Ottomans had a larger, better equipped army numbering 60,000 to 200,000, while the Qizilbash Turcomans numbered some 40,000 to 80,000. Selim I eventually defeated Ismail at the battle of Chaldiran in 1514. The Shia defeat at Chaldiran brought an end to the Shia uprisings in Ottoman Empire. contemporary account of the battle of Chaldiran. The Battle of Chaldiran was a defining moment in Islamic history and a benchmark for relations between the Ottoman and Safavid Empires. This is the same tactic used by the … The Battle of Chaldiran soon led to the region’s other pivotal battle of the era. Coordinates: 39°05′19.87″N 44°19′37.19″E / 39.0888528°N 44.3269972°E / 39.0888528; 44.3269972. 1: Battle of Chaldiran – 1514 This was a major battle as it ended the influence of the Iranian Safavid dynasty over the Turkmen tribes that were rebelling against the Ottomans. It is possible that Louis was well aware of Hungary's situation (especially after the Ottomans defeated Persia in the Battle of Chaldiran (1514) and the Polish-Ottoman peace from 1525) and believed that war was a better option than peace. An Ottoman army of ca 60-212,000 janissary, under the Ottoman Sultan Selim I, defeated a Persian Safavid army of ca 12-40,000 men under Ismail Abul-Mozaffar bin Sheikh Haydar bin Sheikh Junayd Safawi, the Shah of Iran. [18], rightMonument commemorating the Battle of Chaldiran built on the site of battlefield, Persian manuscript showing Shah Isma'il in the battle with an Ottoman commander, The Ottomans deployed heavy artillery and thousands of Janissaries equipped with gunpowder weapons behind a barrier of carts. Battle of Chaldiran — a 1514 battle between the Persian Safavid dynasty and the Turk Ottoman Empire, in present day Azerbaijan .. The greatest challenges and opportunities… By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Thenceforth Ottomans not only had a rampart against eastern invaders but also controlled the Tabrīz-Aleppo and Tabrīz-Bursa silk trade routes. Corrections? Favorite Answer The first full battle between the armies of the Ottoman and Safavid Empires. [17], The terrain of eastern Anatolia and the Caucuses is extremely rough and combined with the difficulty in supplying the army in light of Isma'il's scorched earth campaign while marching against Muslims, Selim's army was discontented. When Selim learned of the Safavid army forming at Chaldiran, he quickly moved to engage Isma'il in part to stifle the discontent of his army. The most immediately noticeable factor in the battle was … Articles such as this one were acquired and published with the primary aim of expanding the information on Britannica.com with greater speed and efficiency than has traditionally been possible. BATTLE OF CHALDIRAN-August 1514-Northwest Persia-Shi’a vs. Sunni -Safavid persecutions of Sunnis-Ottoman sultan, Selim, killed Shi’a that were living in his territory-Ottomans had gunpower-Isma’il couldn’t compete against the gunpower-Showed how mighty guns were-No more conquest for the Shi’a After the battle of Chaldiran, Selim I would then throw his forces southward to fight the Mamluk Sultanate in the Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517). The battle was joined at a place called Chaldiran, where Selim deployed his Janissaries behind a deep trench, with their flanks protected by carts and wagons chained together, and defended by artillery roped together wheel-to-wheel. The Battle of Chaldiran: The History and Legacy of the Ottoman Empire’s Decisive Victory Over the Safavid Dynasty in Anatolia - Kindle edition by Charles River Editors. Chaldiran, Battle of Battle in 1514 between the Ottoman Empire and the Persian Safavid dynasty. An Ottoman army of ca 60-212,000 janissary, under the Ottoman Sultan Selim I, defeated a Persian Safavid army of ca 12-40,000 men under Ismail Abul-Mozaffar bin Sheikh Haydar bin Sheikh Junayd Safawi, the Shah of Iran. Let us know. The Ottoman victory resulted in annexation of eastern Anatolia and northern Mesopotamia, Ottoman control over trade routes between Tabriz, Aleppo, and Bursa, and conquest of Arabian Peninsula and Mamluk territories in Egypt and Syria by 1517 . The Janissaries even fired their muskets at the Sultan's tent in protest at one point. Battle of Chaldiran between Shah Ismail I and the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman in 1514 at Chaldoran, Esfahan, Iran Chaldoran is the site of the historic Battle of Chaldiran, which took place in 1514 between the armies of Ottoman Sultan Selim I and Safavid Shah Ismail I on the narrow plain outside of the town. チャルディラーンの戦い（Battle of Chaldiran、Chaldoran あるいはÇaldıranとも）とは、1514年 8月23日に、アナトリア高原東部のチャルディラーン で行われたオスマン帝国と新興のサファヴィー朝ペルシャとの戦い。. Sultan Selim I (Selim the Excellent or Brave) had deposed his father, Bayezid II, in 1512 and consolidated his rule by executing many of his cousins, who had rival claims on the throne. As they repeatedly attacked the Ottoman positions, the Safavid cavalry took heavy losses from the Ottoman cannon and were repulsed by banks of musket fire. This major work had been preceded by Falsafi's definitive article on the battle of Chaldiran in 1514 between the Safavids and the Ottomans[22]. The battle and subsequent Ottoman advance was instrumental in forging a frontier between the two empires that defines the modern-day border between Turkey and Iran. Under Selim I 'the Grim' (1512-20), major expansion was resumed. There is no lasting monument to the battle in Chaldiran on site, but there is on the Iranian side of the border, nearly 20 miles to the east near the village of Gala Ashaki. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. between 1955 and 1961. Battle of Chāldirān (Persian: جنگ چالدران) was the first battle between Safavid and Ottoman governments which occurred in the plain of Chaldiran, northwestern Iran, in 920/1514. After two of his wives were captured by Selim[21] Ismail was heartbroken and resorted to drinking alcohol. Ismail's army was more mobile and his soldiers were better prepared, but the Ottomans prevailed due in large part to their efficient modern army, and possession of artillery, black powder and muskets. Questions or concerns? https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Chaldiran, History of Islam - The Battle of Chaldiran. Battle of Chāldirān, (August 23, 1514), military engagement in which the Ottomans won a decisive victory over the Ṣafavids of Iran and went on to gain control of eastern Anatolia. Tony Bunting is a historian who has recently completed a research project at the University of Central Lancashire on the evolution of nineteenth-century British imperialism. [26], Articles containing Persian-language text, Articles containing Turkish-language text, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, https://military.wikia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chaldiran?oldid=4277280. Fields denoted with an asterisk (*) are required . Paperback – November 29, 2019. by. 鉄砲と大砲が騎馬軍団を撃破した軍事史上大きな意義を持つ戦いである。 Selim now feared that they would incite the population against his rule in favor of Shah Isma'il leader of the Shia Safavids, and by some of his supporters believed to be family of the Prophet. Today is the anniversary of a battle that had far-reaching implications for the Middle East, but that gets relatively little recognition if you’re not a specialist in either Ottoman or Safavid history. Yet, nearly five hundred years ago to the day, on August 23, 1514, the plains outside of Chaldiran groaned under the weight of men and horses… At Chāldirān (1514) in northwestern Iraq, having refused to use gunpowder weapons, Ismāʿīl suffered the kind of defeat at Ottoman hands that the Ottomans had suffered from Timur. These articles have not yet undergone the rigorous in-house editing or fact-checking and styling process to which most Britannica articles are customarily subjected. The 1514 Battle of Chaldiran determined, among other things, that the Safavids would not be invading Anatolia, and it established the basic template… The battle was joined at a place called Chaldiran, where Selim deployed his Janissaries behind a deep trench, with their flanks protected by carts and wagons chained together, and defended by artillery roped together wheel-to-wheel. Updates? An exception was Azerbaijan, which- though taken back from the Ottomans, would later be permanently lost to the Russian Empire. Although possession of artillery ensured a decisive victory for the Ottomans, the battle heralded the start of a long war between the rival Muslim powers for control of Anatolia and Iraq. To avoid the prospect of fighting a war on two fronts, Isma'il employed a scorched earth policy against Selim in the west. Although these articles may currently differ in style from others on the site, they allow us to provide wider coverage of topics sought by our readers, through a diverse range of trusted voices. This was Nasrullah Falsafi's Life of Shah 'Abbas I (Zindigani-yi Shah 'Abbas-i Avval), published in Tehran in 4 vols. The battle, however, was just the beginning of 41 years of destructive war between the two empires that only ended in 1555 with the Treaty of Amasya. The Chaldiran battle was just the beginning of 41 years of destructive war, which only ended in 1555 with the Treaty of Amasya. The Battle of Chaldiran: The History and Legacy of the Ottoman Empire’s Decisive Victory Over the Safavid Dynasty in Anatolia. Chaldiran, north-east of Lake Van, in present day northwestern Iran. [12] The battle is one of major historical importance because it not only negated the idea that the Murshid of the Shia-Qizilbash was infallible,[13] but it also fully defined the Ottoman-Safavid borders and led Kurdish chiefs to assert their authority and switch their allegiance from the Safavids to the Ottomans. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Chaldiran, Battle of, Turkey, 1514 Please provide your name, email, and your suggestion so that we can begin assessing any terminology changes. The Chaldiran battle was just the beginning of 41 years of destructive war, which only ended in 1555 with the Treaty of Amasya. It was the culmination of a great military campaign, successfully conducted by Selim: in Chaldiran, with the decisive support of the artillery, the Ottomans were able to defeat their enemy, opening their way to Tabriz.1 Drawing on lessons gained in wars against European armies, the Ottoman army was disciplined, equipped with heavy cannon, and deployed musket-armed Janissary infantry. The pivotal legacy of the Battle of Chaldiran still reverberates 500 years laterFor The Diplomat, Akhilesh Pillalamarri writes: Chaldiran (چالدران) today is a small, sleepy town in northwestern Iran near the Turkish border. The Safavid army was routed, and the Ottomans advanced to take the Safavid capital at Tabriz, forcing future shahs to move their capital farther to the east. The Battle of Chaldiran or Chaldoran (Persian: چالدران ‎‎; Turkish: Çaldıran) occurred on 23 August 1514 and ended with a decisive victory for the Ottoman Empire over the Safavid Empire.As a result, the Ottomans annexed eastern Anatolia and northern Iraq for the first time from Safavid Iran. This is the same tactic used by the … Selim assembled a huge army—more than 100,000 strong—and marched into Iran, where they engaged the shah’s smaller and less well-equipped army at Chāldirān, a county in the northwestern West Azerbaijan province. However, the Ottoman artillery was highly maneuverable and the Safavids suffered disastrous losses. [20], Following their victory the Ottomans temporarily captured the Safavid capital of Tabriz, which they evacuated quickly. While the Ottomans often had the upper hand, the Persians for the most part held their ground. Yet through the war of words waged in a body of correspondence between Shah Ismāʿīl and the Ottoman…, …routed the Safavid army at Chāldirān (August 23, 1514), northeast of Lake Van in Iran; Selim’s cannons and gunpowder overpowered the spears and arrows of the Safavids.…. The Safavids also suffered from poor planning and ill-disciplined troops unlike the Ottomans. The Battle of Chaldiran (Persian: جنگ چالدران ‎; Turkish: Çaldıran Savaşı) took place on 23 August 1514 and ended with a decisive victory for the Ottoman Empire over the Safavid Empire. A large brick dome was built at the battlefield site in 2003 along with a statue of Seyid Sadraddin, one of the main Safavid commanders. The Safavids attacked the Ottoman wings in an effort to avoid the Ottoman artillery positioned at the center. Selim set about turning the attention of the Ottoman Empire from the West to the East by embarking on a campaign to overcome the threat posed to Sunni Islam by the Shia Islamic Safavid Persian Empire, which had become a power in the region after the demise of the Timurid Empire. Interested in participating in the Publishing Partner Program? The Battle of Chaldiran is one of the most pivotal battles in the history of the Middle East. The Safavids used cavalry to engage the Ottoman forces. As a result, the Ottomans gained immediate control over eastern Anatolia and northern Iraq. Charles River Editors (Author) › Visit Amazon's Charles River Editors Page. All Safavid losses in Shia-dominated metropolitan regions of Persia, such as Luristan and Kermanshah, proved temporary, being recovered from the Ottomans soon after each battle. Ismail was wounded and almost captured in battle. He was a contributor to. This led to the pivotal Battle of Chaldiran on August 23, 1514, which resulted in an Ottoman victory, aided by its superior artillery. [24], After the defeat at Chaldiran, however, the Safavids made drastic domestic changes. The Battle of Chaldiran is one of the most pivotal battles in the history of the Middle East. The Battle of Chaldiran (Persian: جنگ چالدران ‎; Turkish: Çaldıran Savaşı) took place on 23 August 1514 and ended with a decisive victory for the Ottoman Empire over the Safavid Empire.As a result, the Ottomans annexed Eastern Anatolia and northern Iraq from Safavid Iran. The First Battle of Panipat, on 21 April 1526, was fought between the invading forces of Babur and the Lodi dynasty.It took place in north India and marked the beginning of the Mughal Empire and the end of the Delhi Sultanate.This was one of the earliest battles involving gunpowder firearms and field artillery in the Indian subcontinent which were introduced by Mughals in this battle. [15] In response, Shah Isma'il accused Sultan Selim of aggression against fellow Muslims, violating religious sexual rules and shedding innocent blood. Rather than being an obscure footnote in history, it was a battle of pivotal importance, with results that still reverberate in the modern Middle East. A victory for the Ottomans, Chaldiran was one of the last truly major military engagents exclusively fought by two great Muslim powers before the arrival of the Europeans in … [19] The advanced Ottoman weaponry was the deciding factor of the battle as the Safavid forces, who only had traditional weaponry, were decimated. thousands of Janissaries equipped with gunpowder weapons behind [14], After Selim I's successful struggle against his brothers for the throne of the Ottoman Empire, he was free to turn his attention to the internal unrest he believed was stirred up by the Shia Qizilbash, who had sided with other members of the Dynasty against him and had been semi-officially supported by Bayezid II. [16], When Selim started his march east, the Safavids were invaded in the east by the Uzbek state recently brought to prominence by Abu 'I-Fath Muhammad, who had fallen in battle against Isma'il only a few years before. At the battle of Chaldiran in 1514, a. the Byzantines temporarily captured Constantinople b. Mehmed II captured the southern Italian port of Otranto c. Zahir al-Din Muhammad conquered the leading Indian princes and unified India d. the Ottomans defeated the Safavids e. the Ottomans suffered a devastating defeat to the Spanish navy Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Battle of Chaldiran was a military engagement in which the Ottomans won a decisive victory over the Ṣafavids. The Battle of Chaldiran or Chaldoran (Persian: چالدران ‎‎; Turkish: Çaldıran) occurred on 23 August 1514 and ended with a decisive victory for the Ottoman Empire over the Safavid Empire.As a result, the Ottomans annexed eastern Anatolia and northern Iraq for the first time from Safavid Iran. Ismail's son, Tahmasp I deployed cannons in subsequent battles.[25]. The Battle of Chaldiran marked the beginning of forty years of war between the Ottomans and Safavids. As a result, the Ottomans annexed Eastern Anatolia and northern Iraq from Safavid Iran. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Iraq, as well as eastern Anatolia, would also be forever taken from traditional Iranian suzerainty. Download it once and read it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. This contribution has not yet been formally edited by Britannica. Omissions? In contrast, the Safavid army relied on the cavalry charge and possessed no artillery. The site of the battle is near Chala Ashaqi village, around 6 km west of the town of Siyah Cheshmeh, south of Maku, north of Qareh Ziyaeddin. Selim secured a jurist opinion that described Isma'il and the Qizilbash as "unbelievers and heretics" enabling him to undertake extreme measures on his way eastward to pacify the country. 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