"Bot for men sein, and soth it is, That who that al of wisdom writ. the Confessio Amantis and the account of Edward II’s deposition that opens the Nova statuta Angliae, a comparison that reveals how each text employs a hybrid discourse that creates multiple frames of reference for the reader. This version of the work saw widespread circulation, perhaps due to its royal connections (Peck 2000), and was the most popular of Gower's works, with at least 32 of the 4… After you claim a section you’ll have 24 hours to send in a draft. And now nomore,As forto speke of this matiere,Which non bot only god may stiere. Confessio amantis (The lover's shrift. composed at the request of Richard II.” john gower, confessio amantis, prologue: footnotes 1 Listlessness, dull discernment, little schooling and tiniest labor cause me, the least of all, to sing these little things. Macauley. The following electronic text is based on that edition published in THE WORKS OF JOHN GOWER, ed. The Lover’s Confession) is a 33,000-line Middle English poem by John Gower, [wherein] the confession made by an ageing lover to the chaplain of Venus [is used] as a frame story for a collection of shorter narrative poems .mw-parser-output .nowrap,.mw-parser-output .nowrap a:before,.mw-parser-output .nowrap .selflink:before{white-space:nowrap}. Leave a comment. An illustration of text ellipses. “Confessio Amantis (trans. External. Copyright © 1999 - 2021 GradeSaver LLC. Published by Medieval Institute Publications (2005) ISBN 10: 1580440924 ISBN 13: 9781580440929 The Importance of the Prologue: Poetry and Politics in “Confessio Amantis” May 13, 2019 by Essay Writer Having subdivided the text into three distinct parts, namely, the State, the Church and the Commons, Gower’s Prologue addresses all three estates from its stylistic “medial” point. no. Wher lawe lacketh, errour groweth,He is noght wys who that ne troweth,For it hath proeved ofte er this;And thus the comun clamour isIn every lond wher poeple dwelleth,And eche in his compleignte tellethHow that the world is al miswent,And ther upon his jugementYifth every man in sondry wise.Bot what man wolde himself avise, His conscience and noght misuse,He may wel ate ferste excuseHis god, which evere stant in on:In him ther is defalte non,So moste it stonde upon ousselveNought only upon ten ne twelve,Bot plenerliche upon ous alle,For man is cause of that schal falle.And natheles yet som men wryteAnd sein that fortune is to wyte, And som men holde oppinionThat it is constellacion,Which causeth al that a man doth:God wot of bothe which is soth.The world as of his propre kyndeWas evere untrewe, and as the blyndeImproprelich he demeth fame,He blameth that is noght to blameAnd preiseth that is noght to preise:Thus whan he schal the thinges peise, Ther is deceipte in his balance,And al is that the varianceOf ous, that scholde ous betre avise;For after that we falle and rise,The world arist and falth withal,So that the man is overalHis oghne cause of wel and wo.That we fortune clepe soOut of the man himself it groweth;And who that other wise troweth, Behold the poeple of Irael:For evere whil thei deden wel,Fortune was hem debonaire,And whan thei deden the contraire,Fortune was contrariende.So that it proeveth wel at endeWhy that the world is wonderfullAnd may no while stonde full,Though that it seme wel besein;For every worldes thing is vein, And evere goth the whiel aboute,And evere stant a man in doute,Fortune stant no while stille,So hath ther noman al his wille.Als fer as evere a man may knowe,Ther lasteth nothing bot a throwe;The world stant evere upon debat,So may be seker non astat,Now hier now ther, now to now fro,Now up now down, this world goth so, And evere hath don and evere schal:Wherof I finde in specialA tale writen in the Bible,Which moste nedes be credible;And that as in conclusiounSeith that upon divisiounStant, why no worldes thing mai laste,Til it be drive to the laste.And fro the ferste regne of alleInto this day, hou so befalle, Of that the regnes be muableThe man himself hath be coupable,Which of his propre governanceFortuneth al the worldes chance.The hyhe almyhti pourveance,In whos eterne remembranceFro ferst was every thing present,He hath his prophecie sent,In such a wise as thou schalt hiere,To Daniel of this matiere, Hou that this world schal torne and wende,Till it be falle to his ende;Wherof the tale telle I schal,In which it is betokned al.As Nabugodonosor slepte,A swevene him tok, the which he kepteTil on the morwe he was arise,For he therof was sore agrise.To Daniel his drem he tolde,And preide him faire that he wolde Arede what it tokne may;And seide: 'Abedde wher I lay,Me thoghte I syh upon a StageWher stod a wonder strange ymage.His hed with al the necke alsoThei were of fin gold bothe tuo;His brest, his schuldres and his armesWere al of selver, bot the tharmes,The wombe and al doun to the kne,Of bras thei were upon to se; The legges were al mad of Stiel,So were his feet also somdiel,And somdiel part to hem was takeOf Erthe which men Pottes make;The fieble meynd was with the stronge,So myhte it wel noght stonde longe.And tho me thoghte that I sihA gret ston from an hull on hyhFel doun of sodein aventureUpon the feet of this figure, With which Ston al tobroke wasGold, Selver, Erthe, Stiel and Bras,That al was in to pouldre broght,And so forth torned into noght. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of Confessio Amantis. These notes were contributed by members of the GradeSaver community. Early English Text Society, Extra Series 81 (1900; reprint 1978); 82 (1901). This short passage from the prologue, however, is not only important from a literary perspective. ; Confessio Amantis, Aspidis the Serpent (1.463-80), read by Winthrop Wetherbee. Gower describes this act ‘As if a goshawk hadde sesed (seized) / A brid, which dorste noght for fere / Remue (does not move for fear): and thus this tirant there / Beraft hire (bereft her)’ (V.5642-7). https://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Confessio_Amantis&oldid=4382431, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. CONFESSIO AMANTIS or TALES OF THE SEVEN DEADLY SINS By John Gower 1330-1408 A.D. Written by people who wish to remain anonymous. will review the submission and either publish your submission or provide feedback. John Gower's Confessio amantis: Rights/Permissions: Oxford Text Archive number: U-1677-C. Book Description: The complete text of John Gower's Confessio Amantis is a 3-volume edition, including all Latin components - with translations - of this bilingual poem and extensive glosses, bibliography, and explanatory notes. Sign up for free; Log in; Confessio amantis Item Preview > remove-circle Share or Embed This Item. Confessio Amantis ("The Lover's Confession") is a 33,000-line Middle English poem by John Gower, which uses the confession made by an ageing lover to the chaplain of Venus as a frame story for a collection of shorter narrative poems. Confessio Amantis: | | ||| | The author and the Priest of Venice, from an MS of the... World Heritage Encyclopedia, the aggregation of the largest online encyclopedias available, and the most definitive collection ever assembled. An editor . In the case of the Confessio Amantis, I … Text in the Confessio Amantis. composed at the request of Richard II.” Warning: template has been deprecated.— Excerpted from Confessio Amantis on Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The first of the seven books is a dream vision giving a vivid account of the Peasants' Rebellion of 1381. GradeSaver, 14 October 2016 Web. Robbins Library Digital Projects > TEAMS Middle English Texts > Confessio Amantis, Volume 3 > Confessio Amantis: Book 5. CONFESSIO AMANTIS It is an innovative re-working of the avian predatory image that Gower inherits from Ovid’s description of Tereus’s rape of Philomela (and potentially Chaucer)—specifically a goshawk clutching its small-bird prey: 3) Gower, John, Galloway, Andrew. [3] [4] [5] He taught at the University of Rochester from 1961 to 2014, [6] facilitating the foundation of the Rossell Hope Robbins Library [7] and leading an annual winter theater course in London for over twenty years. This work was published before January 1, 1926, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago. Confessio Amantis CONFESSIO AMANTIS or TALES OF THE SEVEN DEADLY SINS By John Gower, 1330-1408 A.D. Read the Study Guide for Confessio Amantis…, The Importance of the Prologue: Poetry and Politics in "Confessio Amantis", View Wikipedia Entries for Confessio Amantis…. Others want to carry documents around with them on their mobile phones and read while they are on the move. Search for something. Professor G. C. Macauley (Oxford, 1901). Confessio amantis, late 14th-century poem by John Gower.The Confessio (begun about 1386) runs to some 33,000 lines in octosyllabic couplets and takes the form of a collection of exemplary tales of love placed within the framework of a lover’s confession to a priest of Venus. 1390) Confessio amantis ( The Lover’s Confession) is the last major work by the English poet John GOWER. Confessio Amantis. Confessio amantis (The lover's shrift : Gower, John : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive. fns. Prof. G.C. Not affiliated with Harvard College. . Thapostel writ unto ous alleAnd seith that upon ous is falleThende of the world; so may we knowe,This ymage is nyh overthrowe,Be which this world was signified,That whilom was so magnefied,And now is old and fieble and vil,Full of meschief and of peril,And stant divided ek alsoLich to the feet that were so, As I tolde of the Statue above.And this men sen, thurgh lacke of loveWhere as the lond divided is,It mot algate fare amis:And now to loke on every side,A man may se the world divide,The werres ben so generalAmong the cristene overal,That every man now secheth wreche,And yet these clerkes alday preche And sein, good dede may non beWhich stant noght upon charite:I not hou charite may stonde,Wher dedly werre is take on honde.Bot al this wo is cause of man,The which that wit and reson can,And that in tokne and in witnesseThat ilke ymage bar liknesseOf man and of non other beste.For ferst unto the mannes heste Was every creature ordeined,Bot afterward it was restreigned:Whan that he fell, thei fellen eke,Whan he wax sek, thei woxen seke;For as the man hath passiounOf seknesse, in comparisounSo soffren othre creatures.Lo, ferst the hevenly figures,The Sonne and Mone eclipsen bothe,And ben with mannes senne wrothe; The purest Eir for Senne alofteHath ben and is corrupt fulofte,Right now the hyhe wyndes blowe,And anon after thei ben lowe,Now clowdy and now clier it is:So may it proeven wel be this,A mannes Senne is forto hate,Which makth the welkne to debate.And forto se the propreteOf every thyng in his degree, Benethe forth among ous hiereAl stant aliche in this matiere:The See now ebbeth, now it floweth,The lond now welketh, now it groweth,Now be the Trees with leves grene,Now thei be bare and nothing sene,Now be the lusti somer floures,Now be the stormy wynter shoures,Now be the daies, now the nyhtes,So stant ther nothing al upryhtes, Now it is lyht, now it is derk;And thus stant al the worldes werkAfter the disposiciounOf man and his condicioun.Forthi Gregoire in his MoralSeith that a man in specialThe lasse world is properly:And that he proeveth redely;For man of Soule resonableIs to an Angel resemblable, And lich to beste he hath fielinge,And lich to Trees he hath growinge;The Stones ben and so is he:Thus of his propre qualiteThe man, as telleth the clergie,Is as a world in his partie,And whan this litel world mistorneth,The grete world al overtorneth.The Lond, the See, the firmament,Thei axen alle jugement Ayein the man and make him werre:Therwhile himself stant out of herre,The remenant wol noght acorde:And in this wise, as I recorde,The man is cause of alle wo,Why this world is divided so.Division, the gospell seith,On hous upon another leith,Til that the Regne al overthrowe:And thus may every man wel knowe, Division aboven alleIs thing which makth the world to falle,And evere hath do sith it began.It may ferst proeve upon a man;The which, for his complexiounIs mad upon divisiounOf cold, of hot, of moist, of drye,He mot be verray kynde dye:For the contraire of his astatStant evermore in such debat, Til that o part be overcome,Ther may no final pes be nome.Bot other wise, if a man wereMad al togedre of o matiereWithouten interrupcioun,Ther scholde no corrupciounEngendre upon that unite:Bot for ther is diversiteWithinne himself, he may noght laste,That he ne deieth ate laste. It dulleth ofte a mannes wit. (ca. We are thankful for their contributions and encourage you to make your own. Having subdivided the text into three distinct parts, namely, the State, the Church and the Commons, Gower’s Prologue addresses all three estates from its stylistic “medial” point. Learn more about Caxton’s life and career. The Importance of the Prologue: Poetry and Politics in “Confessio Amantis” May 13, 2019 by Essay Writer. Prof. G.C. Laura Seddon In this passage taken from Book V of John Gower’s Confessio Amantis, the tale of Tereus acts as an exemplum to ‘Amans’, as his confessor and the priest of Venus … Gower’s Confessio Amantis was printed by Caxton in 1483, and reprinted in 1532 and again in 1554. Confessio amantis by John Gower, Sian Echard, Claire Fanger, October 1991, Colleagues Pr edition, Hardcover in English These materials are in the public domain. The following electronic text is based on that edition published in THE WORKS OF JOHN GOWER, ed. Confessio Amantis (Teams Middle English Texts Series) (Vol. According to the poem’s prologue, it was written for Richard II (1367–1400). The prologue of this first recension recounts that the work was commissioned by Richard II after a chance meeting with the royal barge on the River Thames; the epilogue dedicates the work to Richard and to Geoffrey Chaucer, as the "disciple and poete" of Venus. Search icon. A Close Reading Analysis of Gower’s Tale of Tereus, Confessio Amantis, V, ll. Manuscript copies of both texts appear to have been commissioned for Macauley (Oxford, 1901). Anonymous "Confessio Amantis Poem Text". Confessio Amantis or Tales of the Seven Deadly Sins Online Medieval and Classical Library Release #4. For alle resoun wolde this,That unto him which the heved isThe membres buxom scholden bowe,And he scholde ek her trowthe allowe,With al his herte and make hem chiere,For good consail is good to hiere.Althogh a man be wys himselve,Yit is the wisdom more of tuelve;And if thei stoden bothe in on,To hope it were thanne anon That god his grace wolde sendeTo make of thilke werre an ende,Which every day now groweth newe:And that is gretly forto reweIn special for Cristes sake,Which wolde his oghne lif forsakeAmong the men to yeve pes.But now men tellen nathelesThat love is fro the world departed,So stant the pes unevene parted With hem that liven now adaies.Bot forto loke at alle assaies,To him that wolde resoun secheAfter the comun worldes specheIt is to wondre of thilke werre,In which non wot who hath the werre;For every lond himself deceyvethAnd of desese his part receyveth,And yet ne take men no kepe.Bot thilke lord which al may kepe, To whom no consail may ben hid,Upon the world which is betid,Amende that wherof men pleigneWith trewe hertes and with pleine,And reconcile love ayeyn,As he which is king sovereignOf al the worldes governaunce,And of his hyhe porveaunceAfferme pes betwen the londesAnd take her cause into hise hondes, So that the world may stonde apppesedAnd his godhede also be plesed.To thenke upon the daies olde,The lif of clerkes to beholde,Men sein how that thei weren thoEnsample and reule of alle thoWhiche of wisdom the vertu soughten.Unto the god ferst thei besoughtenAs to the substaunce of her Scole,That thei ne scholden noght befole Her wit upon none erthly werkes,Which were ayein thestat of clerkes,And that thei myhten fle the viceWhich Simon hath in his office,Wherof he takth the gold in honde.For thilke tyme I understondeThe Lumbard made non eschangeThe bisschopriches forto change,Ne yet a lettre for to sendeFor dignite ne for Provende, Or cured or withoute cure.The cherche keye in aventureOf armes and of brygantailleStod nothing thanne upon bataille;To fyhte or for to make chesteIt thoghte hem thanne noght honeste;Bot of simplesce and pacienceThei maden thanne no defence:The Court of worldly regalieTo hem was thanne no baillie; The vein honour was noght desired,Which hath the proude herte fyred;Humilite was tho withholde,And Pride was a vice holde.Of holy cherche the largesseYaf thanne and dede gret almesseTo povere men that hadden nede:Thei were ek chaste in word and dede,Wherof the poeple ensample tok;Her lust was al upon the bok, Or forto preche or forto preie,To wisse men the ryhte weieOf suche as stode of trowthe unliered.Lo, thus was Petres barge stieredOf hem that thilke tyme were,And thus cam ferst to mannes EreThe feith of Crist and alle goodeThurgh hem that thanne weren goodeAnd sobre and chaste and large and wyse.Bot now men sein is otherwise, Simon the cause hath undertake,The worldes swerd on honde is take;And that is wonder natheles,Whan Crist him self hath bode pesAnd set it in his testament,How now that holy cherche is went,Of that here lawe positifHath set to make werre and strifFor worldes good, which may noght laste.God wot the cause to the laste Of every right and wrong also;But whil the lawe is reuled soThat clerkes to the werre entende,I not how that thei scholde amendeThe woful world in othre thinges,To make pes betwen the kyngesAfter the lawe of charite,Which is the propre dueteBelongende unto the presthode.Bot as it thenkth to the manhode, The hevene is ferr, the world is nyh,And veine gloire is ek so slyh,Which coveitise hath now withholde,That thei non other thing beholde,Bot only that thei myhten winne.And thus the werres thei beginne,Wherof the holi cherche is taxed,That in the point as it is axedThe disme goth to the bataille,As thogh Crist myhte noght availe To don hem riht be other weie.In to the swerd the cherche keieIs torned, and the holy bedeInto cursinge, and every stedeWhich scholde stonde upon the feithAnd to this cause an Ere leyth,Astoned is of the querele.That scholde be the worldes heleIs now, men sein, the pestilenceWhich hath exiled pacience Fro the clergie in special:And that is schewed overal,In eny thing whan thei ben grieved.Bot if Gregoire be believed,As it is in the bokes write,He doth ous somdel forto witeThe cause of thilke prelacie,Wher god is noght of compaignie:For every werk as it is foundedSchal stonde or elles be confounded; Who that only for Cristes sakeDesireth cure forto take,And noght for pride of thilke astat,To bere a name of a prelat,He schal be resoun do profitIn holy cherche upon the plitThat he hath set his conscience;Bot in the worldes reverenceTher ben of suche manie glade,Whan thei to thilke astat ben made, Noght for the merite of the charge,Bot for thei wolde hemself deschargeOf poverte and become grete;And thus for Pompe and for beyeteThe Scribe and ek the PhariseeOf Moises upon the SeeIn the chaiere on hyh ben set;Wherof the feith is ofte let,Which is betaken hem to kepe.In Cristes cause alday thei slepe, Bot of the world is noght foryete;For wel is him that now may geteOffice in Court to ben honoured.The stronge coffre hath al devouredUnder the keye of avariceThe tresor of the benefice,Wherof the povere schulden clotheAnd ete and drinke and house bothe;The charite goth al unknowe,For thei no grein of Pite sowe: And slouthe kepeth the libraireWhich longeth to the Saintuaire;To studie upon the worldes loreSufficeth now withoute more;Delicacie his swete tothHath fostred so that it fordothOf abstinence al that ther is.And forto loken over this,If Ethna brenne in the clergie,Al openly to mannes ije At Avynoun thexperienceTherof hath yove an evidence,Of that men sen hem so divided.And yit the cause is noght decided;Bot it is seid and evere schal,Betwen tuo Stoles lyth the fal,Whan that men wenen best to sitte:In holy cherche of such a slitteIs for to rewe un to ous alle;God grante it mote wel befalle Towardes him which hath the trowthe.Bot ofte is sen that mochel slowthe,Whan men ben drunken of the cuppe,Doth mochel harm, whan fyr is uppe,Bot if somwho the flamme stanche;And so to speke upon this branche,Which proud Envie hath mad to springe,Of Scisme, causeth forto bringeThis newe Secte of Lollardie,And also many an heresie Among the clerkes in hemselve.It were betre dike and delveAnd stonde upon the ryhte feith,Than knowe al that the bible seithAnd erre as somme clerkes do.Upon the hond to were a SchooAnd sette upon the fot a GloveAcordeth noght to the behoveOf resonable mannes us:If men behielden the vertus That Crist in Erthe taghte here,Thei scholden noght in such manere,Among hem that ben holden wise,The Papacie so desguiseUpon diverse eleccioun,Which stant after thaffecciounOf sondry londes al aboute:Bot whan god wole, it schal were oute,For trowthe mot stonde ate laste.Bot yet thei argumenten faste Upon the Pope and his astat,Wherof thei falle in gret debat;This clerk seith yee, that other nay,And thus thei dryve forth the day,And ech of hem himself amendethOf worldes good, bot non entendethTo that which comun profit were.Thei sein that god is myhti there,And schal ordeine what he wile,Ther make thei non other skile Where is the peril of the feith,Bot every clerk his herte leithTo kepe his world in special,And of the cause general,Which unto holy cherche longeth,Is non of hem that underfongethTo schapen eny resistence:And thus the riht hath no defence,Bot ther I love, ther I holde.Lo, thus tobroke is Cristes folde, Wherof the flock withoute guideDevoured is on every side,In lacke of hem that ben unwareSchepherdes, whiche her wit bewareUpon the world in other halve.The scharpe pricke in stede of salveThei usen now, wherof the heleThei hurte of that thei scholden hele;And what Schep that is full of wulleUpon his back, thei toose and pulle, Whil ther is eny thing to pile:And thogh ther be non other skileBot only for thei wolden wynne,Thei leve noght, whan thei begynne,Upon her acte to procede,Which is no good schepherdes dede.And upon this also men sein,That fro the leese which is pleinInto the breres thei forcaccheHer Orf, for that thei wolden lacche With such duresce, and so bereveThat schal upon the thornes leveOf wulle, which the brere hath tore;Wherof the Schep ben al totoreOf that the hierdes make hem lese.Lo, how thei feignen chalk for chese,For though thei speke and teche wel,Thei don hemself therof no del:For if the wolf come in the weie,Her gostly Staf is thanne aweie, Wherof thei scholde her flock defende;Bot if the povere Schep offendeIn eny thing, thogh it be lyte,They ben al redy forto smyte;And thus, how evere that thei tale,The strokes falle upon the smale,And upon othre that ben greteHem lacketh herte forto bete.So that under the clerkes laweMen sen the Merel al mysdrawe, I wol noght seie in general,For ther ben somme in specialIn whom that alle vertu duelleth,And tho ben, as thapostel telleth,That god of his elecciounHath cleped to perfecciounIn the manere as Aaron was:Thei ben nothing in thilke casOf Simon, which the foldes gateHath lete, and goth in othergate, Bot thei gon in the rihte weie.Ther ben also somme, as men seie,That folwen Simon ate hieles,Whos carte goth upon the whielesOf coveitise and worldes Pride,And holy cherche goth beside,Which scheweth outward a visageOf that is noght in the corage.For if men loke in holy cherche,Betwen the word and that thei werche Ther is a full gret difference:Thei prechen ous in audienceThat noman schal his soule empeire,For al is bot a chirie feireThis worldes good, so as thei telle;Also thei sein ther is an helle,Which unto mannes sinne is due,And bidden ous therfore eschueThat wikkid is, and do the goode.Who that here wordes understode, It thenkth thei wolden do the same;Bot yet betwen ernest and gameFul ofte it torneth other wise.With holy tales thei deviseHow meritoire is thilke dedeOf charite, to clothe and fedeThe povere folk and forto parteThe worldes good, bot thei departeNe thenken noght fro that thei have.Also thei sein, good is to save With penance and with abstinenceOf chastite the continence;Bot pleinly forto speke of that,I not how thilke body fat,Which thei with deynte metes kepeAnd leyn it softe forto slepe,Whan it hath elles al his wille,With chastite schal stonde stille:And natheles I can noght seie,In aunter if that I misseye. Written by people who wish to remain anonymous, Torpor, ebes sensus, scola parua labor minimusqueCausant quo minimus ipse minora canam:Qua tamen Engisti lingua canit Insula BrutiAnglica Carmente metra iuuante loquar.Ossibus ergo carens que conterit ossa loquelisAbsit, et interpres stet procul oro malus.Of hem that writen ous toforeThe bokes duelle, and we therforeBen tawht of that was write tho:Forthi good is that we alsoIn oure tyme among ous hiereDo wryte of newe som matiere,Essampled of these olde wyseSo that it myhte in such a wyse,Whan we ben dede and elleswhere,Beleve to the worldes eere In tyme comende after this.Bot for men sein, and soth it is,That who that al of wisdom writIt dulleth ofte a mannes witTo him that schal it aldai rede,For thilke cause, if that ye rede,I wolde go the middel weieAnd wryte a bok betwen the tweie,Somwhat of lust, somewhat of lore,That of the lasse or of the more Som man mai lyke of that I wryte:And for that fewe men enditeIn oure englissh, I thenke makeA bok for Engelondes sake,The yer sextenthe of kyng Richard.What schal befalle hierafterwardGod wot, for now upon this tydeMen se the world on every sydeIn sondry wyse so diversed,That it welnyh stant al reversed, As forto speke of tyme ago.The cause whi it changeth soIt needeth nought to specifie,The thing so open is at ijeThat every man it mai beholde:And natheles be daies olde,Whan that the bokes weren levere,Wrytinge was beloved evereOf hem that weren vertuous;For hier in erthe amonges ous, If noman write hou that it stode,The pris of hem that weren goodeScholde, as who seith, a gret partieBe lost: so for to magnifieThe worthi princes that tho were,The bokes schewen hiere and there,Wherof the world ensampled is;And tho that deden thanne amisThurgh tirannie and crualte,Right as thei stoden in degre, So was the wrytinge of here werk.Thus I, which am a burel clerk,Purpose forto wryte a bokAfter the world that whilom tokLong tyme in olde daies passed:Bot for men sein it is now lassed,In worse plit than it was tho,I thenke forto touche alsoThe world which neweth every dai,So as I can, so as I mai. This electronic text was edited and proofed by Douglas B. Killings (DeTroyes@AOL.COM), September 1994. The following electronic text is based on that edition published in THE WORKS OF JOHN GOWER (1330-1408 A.D.), ed. To him that schal it aldai rede, For thilke cause, if that ye rede, I wolde go the middel weie. Particularly if I am looking at the text in question for the first time in depth, a detailed “Commentary-Notes” section is also very helpful. The Ston, which fro the hully StageHe syh doun falle on that ymage,And hath it into pouldre broke,That swevene hath Daniel unloke,And seide how that is goddes myht,Which whan men wene most upryhtTo stonde, schal hem overcaste.And that is of this world the laste,And thanne a newe schal beginne,Fro which a man schal nevere twinne; Or al to peine or al to pesThat world schal lasten endeles.Lo thus expondeth DanielThe kynges swevene faire and welIn Babiloyne the Cite,Wher that the wiseste of CaldeeNe cowthen wite what it mente;Bot he tolde al the hol entente,As in partie it is befalle.Of gold the ferste regne of alle Was in that kinges time tho,And laste manye daies so,Therwhiles that the MonarchieOf al the world in that partieTo Babiloyne was soubgit;And hield him stille in such a plit,Til that the world began diverse:And that was whan the king of Perse,Which Cirus hyhte, ayein the pesForth with his Sone Cambises Of Babiloine al that Empire,Ryht as thei wolde hemself desire,Put under in subjecciounAnd tok it in possessioun,And slayn was Baltazar the king,Which loste his regne and al his thing.And thus whan thei it hadde wonne,The world of Selver was begonneAnd that of gold was passed oute:And in this wise it goth aboute In to the Regne of Darius;And thanne it fell to Perse thus,That Alisaundre put hem under,Which wroghte of armes many a wonder,So that the Monarchie lefteWith Grecs, and here astat uplefte,And Persiens gon under fote,So soffre thei that nedes mote.And tho the world began of Bras,And that of selver ended was; Bot for the time thus it laste,Til it befell that ate lasteThis king, whan that his day was come,With strengthe of deth was overcome.And natheles yet er he dyde,He schop his Regnes to divideTo knyhtes whiche him hadde served,And after that thei have deservedYaf the conquestes that he wan;Wherof gret werre tho began Among hem that the Regnes hadde,Thurgh proud Envie which hem ladde,Til it befell ayein hem thus:The noble Cesar Julius,Which tho was king of Rome lond,With gret bataille and with strong hondAl Grece, Perse and ek CaldeeWan and put under, so that heNoght al only of thorientBot al the Marche of thoccident Governeth under his empire,As he that was hol lord and Sire,And hield thurgh his chivalerieOf al this world the Monarchie,And was the ferste of that honourWhich tok the name of Emperour.Wher Rome thanne wolde assaille,Ther myhte nothing contrevaille,Bot every contre moste obeie:Tho goth the Regne of Bras aweie, And comen is the world of Stiel,And stod above upon the whiel.As Stiel is hardest in his kyndeAbove alle othre that men findeOf Metals, such was Rome thoThe myhtieste, and laste soLong time amonges the RomeinsTil thei become so vileins,That the fals Emperour LeoWith Constantin his Sone also The patrimoine and the richesse,Which to Silvestre in pure almesseThe ferste Constantinus lefte,Fro holy cherche thei berefte.Bot Adrian, which Pope was,And syh the meschief of this cas,Goth in to France forto pleigne,And preith the grete Charlemeine,For Cristes sake and Soule heleThat he wol take the querele Of holy cherche in his defence.And Charles for the reverenceOf god the cause hath undertake,And with his host the weie takeOver the Montz of Lombardie;Of Rome and al the tirandieWith blodi swerd he overcom,And the Cite with strengthe nom;In such a wise and there he wroghte,That holy cherche ayein he broghte Into franchise, and doth restoreThe Popes lost, and yaf him more:And thus whan he his god hath served,He tok, as he wel hath deserved,The Diademe and was coroned.Of Rome and thus was abandonedThempire, which cam nevere ayeinInto the hond of no Romein;Bot a long time it stod so stilleUnder the Frensche kynges wille, Til that fortune hir whiel so ladde,That afterward Lombardz it hadde,Noght be the swerd, bot be soffranceOf him that tho was kyng of France,Which Karle Calvus cleped was;And he resigneth in this casThempire of Rome unto LowisHis Cousin, which a Lombard is.And so hit laste into the yeerOf Albert and of Berenger; Bot thanne upon dissenciounThei felle, and in divisiounAmong hemself that were grete,So that thei loste the beyeteOf worschipe and of worldes pes.Bot in proverbe nathelesMen sein, ful selden is that weltheCan soffre his oghne astat in helthe;And that was on the Lombardz sene,Such comun strif was hem betwene Thurgh coveitise and thurgh Envie,That every man drowh his partie,Which myhte leden eny route,Withinne Burgh and ek withoute:The comun ryht hath no felawe,So that the governance of laweWas lost, and for necessite,Of that thei stode in such degreAl only thurgh divisioun,Hem nedeth in conclusioun Of strange londes help beside.And thus for thei hemself divideAnd stonden out of reule unevene,Of Alemaine Princes seveneThei chose in this condicioun,That upon here elecciounThempire of Rome scholde stonde.And thus thei lefte it out of hondeFor lacke of grace, and it forsoke,That Alemans upon hem toke: And to confermen here astat,Of that thei founden in debatThei token the possessiounAfter the composiciounAmong hemself, and theruponThei made an Emperour anon,Whos name as the Cronique tellethWas Othes; and so forth it duelleth,Fro thilke day yit unto thisThempire of Rome hath ben and is To thalemans. 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