[4] She spent a lot of time exploring around her family's 65-acre (26 ha) farm. The world has heard much of the triumphant war against disease by controlling insect vectors of infection. However, it has heard little of the other side of the story—the defeats, the short-lived triumphs that now strongly support the alarming view that the insect enemy has been made actually stronger by our efforts. "[20] She found this in Freeman. The story of the birth defect-causing drug thalidomide broke just before the book's publication as well, inviting comparisons between Carson and Frances Oldham Kelsey, the Food and Drug Administration reviewer who had blocked the drug's sale in the United States. Carson, R. (1958c). [22] Freeman shared parts of Carson's letters with her husband to help him understand the relationship, but much of their correspondence was carefully guarded. Among many others, Carson also sent a proof copy to Supreme Court Associate Justice William O. Douglas, a longtime environmental advocate who had argued against the court's rejection of the Long Island pesticide spraying case (and who had provided Carson with some of the material included in her chapter on herbicides). The Sea Around Us remained on The New York Times Best Seller list for 86 weeks, was abridged by Reader's Digest, won the 1952 National Book Award for Nonfiction[2] and the John Burroughs Medal, and resulted in Carson's being awarded two honorary doctorates. However, Carson was so embittered by the experience that she never again sold film rights to her work.[19]. Their relationship was conducted mainly through letters and during summers spent together in Maine. The federal government, however, ordered a complete review of its pesticide policy and Carson was asked to testify before a Congressional committee along with other witnesses. [5], At the Pennsylvania College for Women (today known as Chatham University), as in high school, Carson was somewhat of a loner. However, Carson's and the publishers' lawyers were confident in the vetting process Silent Spring had undergone. After a summer course at the Marine Biological Laboratory, she continued her studies in zoology and genetics at Johns Hopkins in the fall of 1929. She had long hoped someone else would publish an expose' on DDT but realized finally that only she had the background as well as the economic freedom to do it. In regards to the pesticide DDT, Carson never actually called for an outright ban. [69], In the weeks leading up to the September 27, 1962, publication, there was strong opposition to Silent Spring from the chemical industry. [85], In 1965, Rodell arranged for the publication of an essay Carson had intended to expand into a book: The Sense of Wonder. [96] Near Pittsburgh, a 35.7 miles (57 km) hiking trail, called the Rachel Carson Trail and maintained by the Rachel Carson Trails Conservancy, was dedicated to Carson in 1975. In 1964, she died of breast cancer, an invasive disease that affects one in eight North … They were particularly concerned about the possibility of being sued for libel. In 1943, Carson was promoted to the position of aquatic biologist in the newly created U.S. The organization brought lawsuits against the government to "establish a citizen's right to a clean environment," and the arguments employed against DDT largely mirrored Carson's. In 1956, Carson and other concerned residents met at the Wiscasset Inn to talk about the threats to they saw to the natural world around them — and how to stop them. [98] The Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection State Office Building in Harrisburg is named in her honor. [15] Chapters appeared in Science Digest and The Yale Review—the latter chapter, "The Birth of an Island," winning the American Association for the Advancement of Science's George Westinghouse Science Writing Prize. The result was the book Silent Spring (1962), which brought environmental concerns to an unprecedented share of the American people. Carson was also undergoing radiation therapy to combat her spreading cancer and expected to have little energy to devote to defending her work and responding to critics. It appeared in The New Yorker in two condensed installments shortly before its October 26 book release by Houghton Mifflin (again a new publisher). Her best-selling book, Silent Spring, led to formation of a presidential commission that recommended banning DDT, and to creation of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. [39][40] In 2012 Silent Spring was designated a National Historic Chemical Landmark by the American Chemical Society for its role in the development of the modern environmental movement. [120] Democratic Senator Benjamin L. Cardin of Maryland had intended to submit a resolution celebrating Carson for her "legacy of scientific rigor coupled with poetic sensibility" on the 100th anniversary of her birth. Part of the argument she made in Silent Spring was that even if DDT and other insecticides had no environmental side effects, their indiscriminate overuse was counter-productive because it would create insect resistance to the pesticide(s), making the pesticides useless in eliminating the target insect populations: No responsible person contends that insect-borne disease should be ignored. A few weeks later the Times ran a supportive story about Carson called “Silent Spring Is Now Noisy Summer: Pesticide Industry Up in Arms Over a New Book.” The die was cast for a king-daddy fight. She had intended to continue for a doctorate. Much of the agency's early work, such as enforcing the 1972 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, was directly related to Carson's work. DDT was but one of Carson's many writing interests at the time, and editors found the subject unappealing; she published nothing on DDT until 1962. The Rachel Carson Prize, founded in Stavanger, Norway in 1991, is awarded to women who have made a contribution in the field of environmental protection. In late 1963, she received a flurry of awards and honors: the Audubon Medal (from the National Audubon Society), the Cullum Geographical Medal (from the American Geographical Society), and induction into the American Academy of Arts and Letters. [63], Carson further noted that "Malaria programmes are threatened by resistance among mosquitoes"[64] and emphasized the advice given by the director of Holland's Plant Protection Service: "Practical advice should be 'Spray as little as you possibly can' rather than 'Spray to the limit of your capacity' ... Pressure on the pest population should always be as slight as possible. They would share summers for the remainder of Carson's life and meet whenever else their schedules permitted. As a young child, Carson's consuming passions were the nature surrounding her hillside home and her writing. She especially enjoyed the St. Nicholas Magazine (which carried her first published stories), the works of Beatrix Potter, and the novels of Gene Stratton-Porter, and in her teen years, Herman Melville, Joseph Conrad and Robert Louis Stevenson. Carson's wishes were carried out by an organizing committee, including her agent (Marie Rodell), her editor (Paul Brooks), and Dorothy Freeman. She has been credited with launching the contemporary environmental movement and awakening the concern of Americans for the environment. [70], American Cyanamid biochemist Robert White-Stevens and former Cyanamid chemist Thomas Jukes were among the most aggressive critics, especially of Carson's analysis of DDT. "Why Our Winters Are Getting Warmer," November 1951, (Rachel L. Carson as Interpreted by Irwin Allen—TCM Movie Morlocks on, Under the Sea Wind: A Naturalist's Picture of Ocean Life, Rachel Carson Homestead (birthplace, childhood home), Rachel Carson House (Colesville, Maryland), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rachel_Carson&oldid=1020889205, American non-fiction environmental writers, Recipients of the Cullum Geographical Medal, University of Maryland, College Park faculty, 20th-century American non-fiction writers, Members of the Society of Woman Geographers, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 1 May 2021, at 16:55. [38] In 1994, an edition of Silent Spring was published with an introduction written by Vice President Al Gore. As she was nearing full recovery in March (just as she was completing drafts of the two cancer chapters of her book), she discovered cysts in her left breast, one of which necessitated a mastectomy. Widely known for her 1962 best-seller, Silent Spring, Carson is often perceived today as a solitary "great woman" whose work single-handedly launched a modern environmental movement. Most of the book is devoted to pesticides' effects on natural ecosystems. Her first experience with the ocean came during a summer fellowship at the U.S. Marine Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. [110][111], Carson is also a frequent namesake for prizes awarded by philanthropic, educational and scholarly institutions. She was first "published" at the age of 10 in a children's magazine dedicated to the work of young writers. In early 1957, a family tragedy struck for the third time when one of her nieces she had cared for since the 1940s died at the age of 31, leaving her 5-year-old son, Roger Christie, an orphan. Her cancer rapidly metastasized. The centennial of Carson's birth occurred in 2007. But as Musil demonstrates, Carson’s life’s … According to recent research by Paull (2013), this may have been the primary and (for strategic reasons) uncredited source for Carson's book. DuPont (a main manufacturer of DDT and 2,4-D) and Velsicol Chemical Corporation (exclusive manufacturer of chlordane and heptachlor) were among the first to respond. Rachel Louise Carson (May 27, 1907 – April 14, 1964) was an American marine biologist, author, and conservationist whose influential book Silent Spring (1962) and other writings are credited with advancing the global environmental movement. It contained thirteen essays by environmental writers and scientists. An international, interdisciplinary center for research and education in the environmental humanities and social sciences, it was established as a joint initiative of Munich's Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität and the Deutsches Museum, with the support of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. Meantime, she continued to submit writings on conservation and nature to newspapers and magazines, urging from the very beginning the need to regulate the "forces of destruction" and consider always the welfare of the "fish as well as that of the fisherman." [80] Following the report's release, she also testified before a United States Senate subcommittee to make policy recommendations. [8] In 1935, her father died suddenly, worsening their already critical financial situation and leaving Carson to care for her aging mother. Her health was steadily declining as her cancer outpaced the radiation therapy, with only brief periods of remission. At the urging of her undergraduate biology mentor Mary Scott Skinker, she settled for a temporary position with the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, writing radio copy for a series of weekly educational broadcasts entitled Romance Under the Waters. It has been the site of numerous important announcements, including the Clean Air Interstate Rule. In the end, a compromise was reached. Another series was entitled "Food from the Sea" and offered information on the proper preparation as well as the advantages of a diet including fish and shellfish to a public unused to eating freshwater fish. Carson died of cancer in 1964 and is remembered as an early activist who worked to preserve the world for future generations. April 2012 marked the 50th anniversary of the publication of Rachel Carson's groundbreaking book, Silent Spring. Her longtime agent and literary executor Marie Rodell spent nearly two years organizing and cataloging Carson's papers and correspondence, distributing all the letters to their senders so that only what each correspondent approved would be submitted to the archive. With the publication of Silent Spring, Carson is credited with launching the contemporary environmental movement and awakening concern by thinking Americans about the environment. [17] She was very unhappy with the final version of the script by writer, director, and producer Irwin Allen; she found it untrue to the atmosphere of the book and scientifically embarrassing, describing it as "a cross between a believe-it-or-not and a breezy travelogue. Rachel Carson and the press regarded it as a vindication of the book. Rachel Carson 1907 - 1964. Ben said that Rachel would die in a few months. Carson took on the responsibility for Roger when she adopted him, along with caring for her aging mother. Clarence Cottam, another former Fish and Wildlife Service employee, also provided Carson with support and documentation on DDT research conducted but not generally known. She originally studied English but switched her major to biology in January 1928. Carson's main argument is that pesticides have detrimental effects on the environment; they are more properly termed biocides, she argues, because their effects are rarely limited to the target pests. [75] In fact, she concludes her section on DDT in Silent Spring not by urging a total ban but with advice for spraying as little as possible to limit the development of resistance. However, when The New Yorker commissioned a long and well-paid article on the topic from Carson, she began considering writing more than simply the introduction and conclusion as planned; soon, it was a solo project. With success came financial security, and in 1952 Carson was able to give up her job in order to concentrate on writing full-time. "[65], Carson and the others involved with the publication of Silent Spring expected fierce criticism. When did Rachel Carson die? She was fifty-six. Carson bequeathed her manuscripts and papers to Yale University to take advantage of the new state-of-the-art preservations facilities of the Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library. White and several journalists and scientists. '"[29], According to her biographer, Linda Lear, there was some disagreement about the funeral arrangements for Rachel. Carson suggested partnering with The Nature Conservancy and by the fall of 1956, revered organization had formed its fourth state chapter, with Carson … [48][49], By 1959, the USDA's Agricultural Research Service responded to the criticism by Carson and others with a public service film, Fire Ant on Trial; Carson characterized it as "flagrant propaganda" that ignored the dangers that spraying pesticides (especially dieldrin and heptachlor) posed to humans and wildlife. Fish and Wildlife Service, where she authored many bulletins directed at the American public. She also made plans to buy and preserve from development an area in Maine she and Freeman called the "Lost Woods."[33]. New Haven, CT: Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. "[74], Many critics repeatedly asserted that she was calling for the elimination of all pesticides. It was on The New York Times' best-seller list for 81 weeks. This brought the book to the attention of the chemical industry and its lobbyists and a wide swath of the American populace. [123][124], American marine biologist and conservationist, Collected papers and posthumous publications. Carson had become interested in the danger of pesticides while still associated with the Fish and Wildlife Service. She also wondered about the possible "financial inducements behind certain pesticide programs. Though environmental concerns about DDT had been considered by government agencies as early as Carson's testimony before the President's Science Advisory Committee, the 1967 formation of the Environmental Defense Fund was the first significant milestone in the campaign against DDT. In the meantime, Carson's article-writing success continued—her features appeared in Sun Magazine, Nature, and Collier's. [95] Her home in Colesville, Maryland where she wrote Silent Spring was named a National Historic Landmark in 1991. Several years of writing resulted in Under the Sea Wind (1941), which received excellent reviews but sold poorly. She died of a heart attack on April 14, 1964, in her home in Silver Spring, Maryland.[1][82][83]. The resolution was blocked by Republican Senator Tom Coburn of Oklahoma,[121] who said that "The junk science and stigma surrounding DDT—the cheapest and most effective insecticide on the planet—have finally been jettisoned. (2007), Better Planet: Can A Maligned Pesticide Save Lives? [88], While there remains no evidence that Carson was openly a women's rights activist, her work and its subsequent criticisms have left an iconic legacy for the ecofeminist movement. [8] Others, such as Yaakov Garb, suggest that in addition to not being a women's rights activist, Carson also had no anti-capitalist agenda and that such attacks were unwarranted. The report did much to silence industry and agricultural critics and buttress the book’s scientific credibility. The essay, published as Undersea, was a vivid narrative of a journey along the ocean floor. Both Rachel's Sustainable Feast and the conference continue as annual events. Although she had left the Service to work on Silent Spring, her marine studies while there had provided her with early documentation on the effects of DDT on marine life. [10], At the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Carson's primary responsibilities were to analyze and report field data on fish populations and write brochures and other literature for the public. She spoke as much as she was physically able, however, including a notable appearance on The Today Show and speeches at several dinners held in her honor. That year, she took on a literary agent, Marie Rodell; they formed a close professional relationship that would last the rest of Carson's career. [89], The creation of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) by the Nixon Administration in 1970 addressed another concern that Carson had brought to light. [78][79], In one of her last public appearances, Carson testified before President John F. Kennedy's Science Advisory Committee. Though Carson received hundreds of other speaking invitations, she could not accept the great majority of them. Paull, John. Rachel Carson was the first American to combine two longstanding but separate strands of American environmentalism—the love of nature and a concern for human health. By late 1957, Carson was closely following federal proposals for widespread pesticide spraying; the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) planned to eradicate fire ants. One is on the west coast, owned by Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI),[105] and the other is on the east coast, operated by the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science. Silent Spring, in particular, was a rallying point for the fledgling social movement in the 1960s. [97] A Pittsburgh bridge was also renamed in Carson's honor as the Rachel Carson Bridge. Elementary schools in Gaithersburg, Montgomery County, Maryland,[99] Sammamish, Washington[100] and San Jose, California[101] were named in her honor, as were middle schools in Beaverton, Oregon[102] and Herndon, Virginia[103] (Rachel Carson Middle School), and a high school in Brooklyn, New York. As a direct result of the study, DDT was banned. Carson and her research assistant Jeanne Davis, with the help of NIH librarian Dorothy Algire, found evidence to support the pesticide-cancer connection; to Carson, the evidence for the toxicity of a wide array of synthetic pesticides was clear-cut, though such conclusions were very controversial beyond the small community of scientists studying pesticide carcinogenesis. The Sea's success led to the republication of Under the Sea Wind, which became a bestseller itself. By 1948, Carson was working on material for a second book and had made the conscious decision to begin a transition to writing full-time. Her body was cremated and the ashes buried beside her mother at Parklawn Memorial Gardens, Rockville, Maryland. The Fish and Wildlife Service named one of its refuges near Carson's summer home on the coast of Maine as the Rachel Carson National Wildlife Refuge in 1969 to honor the memory of this extraordinary woman. It was the beginning of an extremely close friendship that would last the rest of Carson's life. However, four chapters also detail cases of human pesticide poisoning, cancer, and other illnesses attributed to pesticides. Douglas). [107], A number of conservation areas have been named for Carson as well. By publishing it, Carson has been credited with launching the contemporary environmental movement and awakening the concern of Americans for the environment. Carson worked for 15 years as a biologist, scientist and editor in the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries and then the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.Her books were very important in helping the environmental movement grow. Carson, R. (1958f). Also in 2007 American author Ginger Wadsworth wrote a biography of Carson. Alternative Title: Rachel Louise Carson. [3] Though the suit was lost, the Supreme Court granted petitioners the right to gain injunctions against potential environmental damage in the future; this laid the basis for later successful environmental actions. [31] In 1955, she completed the third volume of her sea trilogy, The Edge of the Sea, which focuses on life in coastal ecosystems, particularly along the Eastern Seaboard. By this time, Carson's reputation for clear and poetical prose was well established; The Edge of the Sea received highly favorable reviews, if not quite as enthusiastic as for The Sea Around Us. They compiled their evidence and shared it with Carson, who used it, their extensive contacts, and the trial transcripts as a primary input for Silent Spring. Dr. Hueper [author of Occupational Tumors and Allied Diseases] now gives DDT the definite rating of a "chemical carcinogen. The question that has now urgently presented itself is whether it is either wise or responsible to attack the problem by methods that are rapidly making it worse. "[76] Reactions from the estimated audience of ten to fifteen million were overwhelmingly positive, and the program spurred a congressional review of pesticide dangers and the public release of a pesticide report by the President's Science Advisory Committee. "[122] The Rachel Carson Homestead Association held a May 27 birthday party and sustainable feast at her birthplace and home in Springdale, Pennsylvania, and the first Rachel Carson Legacy Conference in Pittsburgh with E. O. Wilson as keynote speaker. There were many other people all over the world who were eager to use praise words to describe her and her work. [11], In July 1937, the Atlantic Monthly accepted a revised version of an essay, The World of Waters, that she originally wrote for her first fisheries bureau brochure. [24][25] One of the letters from Carson to Freeman reads: “But, oh darling, I want to be with you so terribly that it hurts!”, while in another, Freeman writes: “I love you beyond expression... My love is boundless as the Sea.”[26] Carson's last letter to Freeman before her death ends with: "Never forget, dear one, how deeply I have loved you all these years. In mid-1945, Carson first encountered the subject of DDT, a revolutionary new pesticide—lauded as the "insect bomb" after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki—that was only beginning to undergo tests for safety and ecological effects. [35] The book described the harmful effects of pesticides on the environment, and is widely credited with helping launch the environmental movement. [12] Carson attempted to leave the Bureau (by then transformed into the United States Fish and Wildlife Service) in 1945. Nine chapters were serialized in The New Yorker beginning June 1951. Outlining the dangers of chemical pesticides, the book led to a nationwide ban on DDT and other pesticides and sparked the movement that ultimately led to the creation of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [6] Though admitted to graduate standing at Johns Hopkins University in 1928, she was forced to remain at the Pennsylvania College for Women for her senior year due to financial difficulties; she graduated magna cum laude in 1929. And Reference Division, `` Silent Spring by gathering examples of environmental Protection State Office Building in Harrisburg is in... 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