It is possible for this principle to be applied not only to bodily injury, but to property loss as well, in which case the necessary compensation is clearer. Wikibuy Review: A Free Tool That Saves You Time and Money, 15 Creative Ways to Save Money That Actually Work. In such cases, the court requires the guilty party to flee to a designated city of refuge. [30], Christian interpretation of the biblical passage has been heavily influenced by the Church father Augustine of Hippo. − Paraphrased from the Union of Orthodox Congregations. The Torah makes no distinction between whether or not the potential object of hatred or a grudge has been brought to justice, and all people are taught to love their fellow Israelites.
"An eye for an eye" (Biblical Hebrew: עַ֚יִן תַּ֣חַת עַ֔יִן ‎) or the law of retaliation (Latin: lex talionis) is the principle that a person who has injured another person is to be penalized to a similar degree by the injured party. For example, if a person caused the death of another person, the killer would be put to death.[4].

[31] George Robinson characterizes the passage of Exodus ("an eye for an eye") as one of the "most controversial in the Bible".

The simplest manifestation of the "eye for an eye" principle is vengeance after an attack, applied in such a way that the original attacker must endure the same harm that he or she has caused. According to Epicurus, the universe is composed of two ultimate, fundamentally real things - bodies (also called atoms) and space (also called the void). "[35], The Quran mentions the "eye for an eye" concept as being ordained for the Children of Israel. The full quotation from Hammurabi’s code reads. [1], The term lex talionis does not always and only refer to literal eye-for-an-eye codes of justice (see rather mirror punishment) but applies to the broader class of legal systems that specify formulate penalties for specific crimes, which are thought to be fitting in their severity. The Bible allows for kofer (a monetary payment) to take the place of a bodily punishment for any crime except murder. Utilitarianism Utilitarianism (also called consequentialism) is “actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness; wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. Otherwise, the offenders receive lashes.[18][19]. Some propose that this was at least in part intended to prevent excessive punishment at the hands of either an avenging private party or the state. Those who do not judge according to what God has revealed are doing grave wrong. (Lev. An eye for an eye.”.

Originally, the verse that contains the words “eye for an eye” was likely setting up a theory of limitations on vengeance. This body was the state in one of its earliest forms. The Anglo-Saxon legal code substituted payment of wergild for direct retribution: a particular person's life had a fixed value, derived from his social position; any homicide was compensated by paying the appropriate wergild, regardless of intent. The sentiment of the principle of "eye for an eye" is echoed in many legal systems that do not explicitly use those words. In some cases, this idiom can be used to refer to any misdeed.

In the famous legal code written by Hammurabi, the principle of exact reciprocity is very clearly used. 24:19–21).
Coretta Scott King later used this phrase in the context of racial violence: "The old law of an eye for an eye leaves everyone blind. These circumstances have not existed for approximately 2,000 years. "[29] This shows a much more meaningful principle for social justice, in that the marginalized in society were given the same rights under the social structure. This concept is also found in the Bible, specifically Deuteronomy 19:21. [1] The idiomatic biblical phrase "an eye for an eye" in Exodus and Leviticus (.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"SBL Hebrew","SBL BibLit","Frank Ruehl CLM","Taamey Frank CLM","Ezra SIL","Ezra SIL SR","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey Ashkenaz","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}עין תחת עין‎, ayin tachat ayin) literally means 'an eye under/(in place of) an eye' while a slightly different phrase (עַיִן בְּעַיִן שֵׁן בְּשֵׁן, literally "eye for an eye; tooth for a tooth") is used in another passage (Deuteronomy) in the context of possible reciprocal court sentences for failed false witnesses. He fathered no less than 18 children, and had five wives and several mistresses. The Oral Law explains, based upon the biblical verses, that the Bible mandates a sophisticated five-part monetary form of compensation, consisting of payment for "Damages, Pain, Medical Expenses, Incapacitation, and Mental Anguish" — which underlies many modern legal codes. [8] For an example of תחת‎ being used in its regular sense of under, see Lev. Legal codes following the principle of lex talionis have one thing in common: prescribed 'fitting' counter punishment for a felony.

Under the English Common Law, successful plaintiffs were entitled to repayment equal to their loss (in monetary terms). While this literal use of the phrase has more or less faded from favor, it is still possible to see literal equal vengeance mediated through a legal system in some areas. This little known plugin reveals the answer. If a man has destroyed the eye of a man of the gentleman class, they shall destroy his eye. In the modern tort law system, this has been extended to translate non-economic losses into money as well. "to prevent people from taking the law into their own hands and exacting disproportionate vengeance for offenses committed against them."[28]. [26], In Exodus 21, as in the Code of Hammurabi, the concept of reciprocal justice seemingly applies to social equals; the statement of reciprocal justice "life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, burn for burn, wound for wound, stripe for stripe"[27] is followed by an example of a different law: if a slave-owner blinds the eye or knocks out the tooth of a slave, the slave is freed but the owner pays no other consequence. The shortened phrase, an eye for an eye, has the same meaning as the full phrase, an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth. [16] Here, the Torah discusses false witnesses who conspire to testify against another person.

Turning the … [32] Similarly, Abraham Bloch speculates that the "lex talionis has been singled out as a classical example of biblical harshness.

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