Theme 4: Engaging in spiritual and/or religious practices have been shown to have positive effects on individuals and families. What is the 'Dreamtime' or the 'Dreaming'? My Uncle isn't alive anymore, but when I was born he promised my father that he would protect me. It's just part of being a family. The focus group participants highlighted that raising children is a shared responsibility of all community members, yet grandparents and Elders were often mentioned as pivotal contributors to family life in Aboriginal communities. At times, Aboriginal people need to remind each other of their kinship responsibilities as they continue to face criticism of their traditional cultural practices: I was speaking to my sister last night on the phone. One of the strengths of a collective community approach to raising children is that parents and carers have the security and confidence to allow their children the freedom to explore the world on their own terms.

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander2 parents understand "what works" to keep their children safe and to raise them to be active contributors to family and community life. Academic and Aboriginal education advocate Dr Mark Rose said he "wouldn't let my daughter touch one [didgeridoo]. Put yourself into the shoes of an Anangu and write a response to the above view. I just use the modern ways to get to them. This is the time before the world was shaped the way we know it to be now. And I look after them until they're able to be on their own feet. Morphy, F. (2006). (Auntie, Qld), I'm like that with my Godchildren. [2] 'Federal Court awards native title over Lake Eyre', ABC News, 23/5/2012, www.abc.net.au/news/2012-05-22/native-title-arbana-hearing/4025738

You know, we have to teach them, but when they get older, they will just do it automatically. Now they've learnt their language. In this world, the invisible and the visible pulse with the same life and the sacred is not separated from the secular, they are interconnected and interactive. Aboriginal communities need to be mindful not to create programs that miss their target or develop programs in areas that are inaccessible to tourists. I didn't know about it at the time, but I always remember he had that thing where he would just show up. They are particularly valued for helping children to understand the practical aspects of life, society and culture. Scott, D., Higgins, D., & Franklin, R. (2012). I don't even know who that birdy is and if I ever found out ... (Parent, Qld). Only if you're straight! (Mother, NT), Helping bring up extended family. Darwish, A., & Huber, G. (2010).

In K. Kline (Ed.).

If someone has abandoned their caring responsibilities, for whatever reason, someone from the local community will inevitably raise the issue: Yeah, and you know there are consequences for that. (2010).

But all the boys were there, so he never did it again.
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander viewers are advised that this website may contain images, voices and names of deceased persons. In modern societies, with improved medical care and life conditions, life expectancy has reached an average of 85, and people are considered old at 65 or more (Diamond, 2012; Lowenstein, 2005; North & Fiske, 2012). To frame the discussions with focus group participants, a review of the literature helped to identify some of the key themes that frequently arise when referring to Aboriginal family life and child-rearing practices. Shaun Lohoar is a Senior Research Officer at CFCA. (Auntie and mother, Vic.). But a venture in the tourism industry is not without risk. You know you shouldn't be saying that!" So there's ways you do it … My kids have always known that they can come to me, but they don't, they always climb to their Auntie. The Australian Institute of Family Studies acknowledges the traditional country throughout Australia on which we gather, live, work and stand. Unstructured play is seen as a way of providing opportunities for children to learn these important behaviours. I think we all have that (protective nature) because we grew up knowing what our responsibilities were from the word go, and those that come behind, you have to look after, no matter what. I pretty much let my children go out there and learn from experience. Well, I have one Christmas Day, but I don't drink. [8]. [7].

Someone with extensive knowledge of this topic is Indigenous Elder, Graham Paulson. (Auntie and mother, Qld). Yeah, so, the things grandparents can teach your kids are so much.

There were 16 participants interviewed for this paper across four focus groups in three locations.

So, I'm up … late of a night, because I go through and check out what people are saying and, if I see someone struggling by the way that they've written something, I inbox them, "Are you alright?"
Families often get stuck where ceremonies are performed because they don’t have the funds to afford a taxi or plane home.

(Auntie and Elder, Vic.).

[5] 'Darwin could be 'spiritual mecca'', Koori Mail 473 p.33 Spirituality provides a healing framework to help children build resilience and coping abilities.

(Mother, NT).

This includes newlyweds without children, gay partners, couples with dependants, single mothers or fathers with children, and siblings living together. This person here would be best to talk to them, you know, there's certain people that would know who was best to talk to them and that word would go out. At least one person in the family has to be 15 years or over. If your boy does something down the street, someone will see it and that word is already going around and somebody would have rung the parent and said, look, I think something has happened but we don't want to touch it because we know it's your place. An inconvenienced youth?

In S. Waiton, & S. Baird (Eds.). explore the ways in which service providers working with non-Indigenous families might draw from some of the strengths of traditional Aboriginal family practices.

Secretariat of National Aboriginal and Islander Child Care.

He'd come around, ask me what happened and help me fix it up. One grandparent highlighted the instinctive willingness of unfamiliar community members to provide support to other families as a defining characteristic of Aboriginal culture: Maybe it's the definition of family between Indigenous and non-Indigenous culture. That's the thing, we aren't always wrapping them in cotton wool, we let them go a bit, but you're controlling it … I've done it with my boys too, but what is it going to prove if you are sitting right there and they are swimming and you say, "Don't go there." [3] This didn't stop publisher Harper Collins from including a chapter on 'How to play a didgeridoo' in The Daring Book for Girls, targeted also for the Australian market. You know, you feel safe because you know that people are watching. Only later does it dawn on the child why they were so carefully monitored: When you're young like that, you feel that your dad's eyes are everywhere or they're watching all the time and you're like, "Come on, give me a break." It doesn't come back to me but I know that it's okay, things like that.

Taken together, the themes presented in this paper highlight some of the strengths of Aboriginal culture in terms of raising children and family functioning. All participants were consulted about how the data would be used for this publication. The ceremonial economy includes funeral ceremonies, initiation of the young and ceremonies of the traditional Yolngu parliament (njärra), the latter is sadly no longer practised.

There was nothing wrong with that, but it's that stereotypical type of thing. As she would say this, both my sister and me would go, "Ah, mum's going to give us a bit of knowledge now."

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