For the extrinsic factors, lower socioeconomic status (based on a deprivation index comprising factors such as education, occupation, unemployment, number of household members, overcrowding and household ownership) and lower education levels increase relative vulnerability to heat stress. Please check you selected the correct society from the list and entered the user name and password you use to log in to your society website. Differentials in the scale and nature of risks among settlements relate to the quality, location and access of and to infrastructure (piped water, sanitation, effective drains, all-weather roads and paths), service provision (including health care and emergency services and facilities), housing options available for low-income groups,(75) and opportunities and access to education. (1) Arguably, the most important issue deals with the question of who will be impacted by climate change, and how to address related injustices and underlying equity concerns. (2011); Kovats and Akhtar (2008). 108.Burton (2000); Sharpe (1982); Smyth (1996). (123) When improved waste collection becomes a public priority, pickers are often displaced,(124) regardless of the positive environmental contribution of their business or the social impacts of displacement.

(2013); Sliuzas, Flacke and Jetten (2013). (2008); Hardoy and Pandiella (2009); Moser and Stein (2011); UNISDR (2009, 2011). In turn, diseases may increase the amount of care work and number of unpaid hours women have to spend taking care of sick children and elderly. 91.Ajibade, McBean and Bezner-Kerr (2013). Adaptation practices should also align with mitigation to prevent maladaptation. 102.Hardoy and Ruete (2013); Roberts (2010); Roberts et al.

expansion of roads and highways and other measures to reduce infrastructure deficits.

(51), The urban poor are highly affected due to living in these environmentally riskier areas and the lack of risk-reducing measures in their neighbourhoods. Considerations of equity need to be central to all three domains –impacts and risks, adaptation, and mitigation– of the contemporary urban climate change debate. In the Ganges-Brahmaputra and Zambezi deltas, multiple risks of storm surges and inland river flooding severely affect the cities and settlements within the deltas. 51.Jha, Bloch and Lamond (2012); Revi et al. 70.Kovats and Akhtar (2008); World Bank (2008). (49) In many cities, informal settlements have been developed on floodplains that experience frequent flooding or on steep slopes affected by landslides. (70) Flooding and storm surges also threaten coastal African cities, such as Port Harcourt and Lagos in Nigeria. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click on download.

The source code can be accessed through the project page. As urban areas house highly diverse people with differing vulnerabilities, intensifying climate change is likely to shift the focus of discussions from a general urban perspective to who in cities will be affected by climate change, and how. At the same time, societal developments within each of these fields influence adaptation scope, design, implementation, and effects. (2009). Those who live in settlements on dangerous sites without risk-reducing infrastructure and services often take measures to reduce risk to their households, homes and assets,(97) but depend on sufficient network infrastructure that they cannot provide. Women’s rights groups have made important contributions to the UNFCCC, including several decisions stating the need for women’s participation in UNFCCC thematic areas and their right to decide on mitigation, adaptation, climate change finance, technology and capacity-building. Secure land tenure determines the eligibility for financial credits or subsidies, which is needed to increase adaptive capacity during post-disaster recovery stages. (2014); Reckien et al. 115.Clarke (2012); Levy (2013); Maffii, Malgieri and Bartolo (2014). (2005); Haines et al. (115) In cities like Vienna, Berlin and Malmö, transit-planning interventions are designed from a gender-sensitive perspective.

10.Kallbekken, Sælen and Underdal (2014). Intrinsic factors include various physiological attributes, of which age, female sex, and pre-existing medical condition have been identified as main factors(40) in a meta-analysis of 18 recent studies.

As a result extreme weather may impact the living space and income source of women at the same time. In this paper we reviewed the interactions of climate change with equity and equality in urban areas, drawing on the evidence base of how climate change impacts, adaptation and mitigation affect low-income residents and women. (2013); McGranahan, Balk and Anderson (2007). Please read and accept the terms and conditions and check the box to generate a sharing link. (77) The lack of risk-reducing infrastructure is often underpinned by a lack of capacity within urban governments to address the large infrastructure and service deficits,(78) deficiencies with respect to the effectiveness of planning systems, and low levels of community adaptive capacity.

We here focus on the sectors most relevant to urban mitigation, including spatial planning, accessibility and transport, waste management and renewable energy, evaluating existing policy measures with respect to the distribution of benefits and burdens. Related to public transport, it seems important to reduce out-of-pocket fees, provide unlimited-use passes for public transportation, and prioritize women’s perspectives in public transport schemes. 82.Dodman and Satterthwaite (2009); Revi et al. 83.Dodman (2013); Hardoy, Mitlin and Satterthwaite (2001); Hardoy and Pandiella (2009). It is further important that women are part of community efforts, since women are key agents of change.(98). Substantial progress towards a number of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) was not universal, nor the benefits evenly shared. Diana Reckien is Associate Professor for Climate Change at the University of Twente, the Netherlands. Analysis of Adaptation and Mitigation Plans from 200 Urban Areas in 11 Countries”, “Equity, Environmental Justice, and Urban Climate Change”, “Subjective Realities of Climate Change: How Mental Maps of Impacts Deliver Socially Sensible Adaptation Options”, Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, “Prioritizing Climate Change Adaptation and Local Level Resilience in Durban, South Africa”, “Exploring Ecosystem-Based Adaptation in Durban, South Africa: ‘Learning-by-Doing’ at the Local Government Coal Face”, “Urban Environmental Challenges and Climate Change Action in Durban, South Africa”, “Planning for Sustainable Urbanisation in Fast Growing Cities: Mitigation and Adaptation Issues Addressed in Dhaka, Bangladesh”, “The Political Underpinnings of Cities’ Accumulated Resilience to Climate Change”, “Adapting to Climate Change in Urban Areas: The Possibilities and Constraints in Low-and Middle-Income Nations”, “Slim Pickin’s: Supporting Waste Pickers in the Ecological Modernization of Urban Waste Management Systems”, “Urban Compactness and the Trade-Off between Air Pollution Emission and Exposure: Lessons from a Spatially Explicit Theoretical Model”, “From Environmental to Climate Justice: Climate Change and the Discourse of Environmental Justice”, “Urban Heat Stress: Fitness Major Determinant of Individual Risk”, “Human Settlements, Infrastructure, and Spatial Planning”, “Energy Efficiency Use Patterns and Equity of Various Urban Land Use Patterns”, “Roadmap Towards Justice in Urban Climate Adaptation Research”, “Justice, Equity and Efficiency in Climate Change: A Developing Country Perspective”, “Searching for Flood Risk Management Strategies in Kampala”, Planning for resilient cities and regions: proceedings of AESOP-ACSP joint congress, “Modelling Urbanization and Flooding in Kampala, Uganda”, “Financing Transit Systems through Value Capture: An Annotated Bibliography”, “Running the Gauntlet: A Compact City within a Doughnut of Decay”, “Decentralized and Integrated Resource Recovery Centers in Developing Countries: Lessons Learnt from Asia-Pacific”, Paper presented at International Solid Waste Association (ISWA) Congress, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), “Gendering Climate Change: Geographical Insights”, “When Non-Climate Urban Policies Contribute to Building Urban Resilience to Climate Change: Lessons Learned from Indonesian Cities”, “Ecosystem-Based Coastal Defence in the Face of Global Change”, “Urban Growth and Strategic Spatial Planning in Johannesburg, South Africa”, “Climate Change and Indigenous Women in Columbia”, “Indigenous Women and Violence in Colombia: Agency, Autonomy, and Territoriality”, “A Cross-Sectional, Randomized Cluster Sample Survey of Household Vulnerability to Extreme Heat among Slum Dwellers in Ahmedabad, India”, “A Framework for Urban Climate Resilience”, United Nations Development Fund for Women, “August 2003 Heat Wave in France: Risk Factors for Death of Elderly People Living at Home”, “Municipal Solid Waste and the Environment: A Global Perspective”, “Distributional Aspects of an Environmental Tax Shift: The Case of Motor Vehicle”, “Efficiency and Equity of Speed Limits in Transportation Networks”, Women’s Environment & Development Organization (WEDO), “Climate Change, Heat Waves, and Environmental Justice: Advancing Knowledge and Action”, “Role of Informal Sector Recycling in Waste Management in Developing Countries”, “How Planning and Zoning Contribute to Inequitable Development, Neighborhood Health, and Environmental Injustice”, “The Impacts of Mass Transit on Land Development in China: The Case of Beijing”, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, International Institute for Environment and Development, V. Conclusions and Policy Recommendations, Climate change, equity and the Sustainable Development Goals: an urban perspective, McDermott, Mahanty and Schreckenberg (2011), Joassart-Marcelli, Wolch and Salim (2011), http://www.wedo.org/news/womens-major-group-reacts-to-sustainable-development-agenda-2030, Urban poverty and vulnerability to climate change in Latin America, Editorial: Responding to climate change in contexts of urban poverty and informality, Urban environmental challenges and climate change action in New York City, Upcoming Challenges in Land Use Science—An International Perspective. General improvements to safety are achieved by participatory planning with focus groups, wider pavements, pedestrian-friendly traffic lights, and safe crossings, among other things.(116). 93.Alston (2013); Kaijser and Kronsell (2014); Sultana (2013).

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