It brought nation-building activities and modernization programs to the forefront of foreign policy.

Read about the US's early attempts to contain communism through economic and military aid. Donate or volunteer today!

He argued that if Greece and Turkey did not receive the aid that they urgently needed, they would inevitably fall to communism with grave consequences throughout the region. [12] That is, it was a regional domino effect threat that guided the American decision. Truman Doctrine When there was a Communist-led uprising against the government in Greece and the Soviet Union wanted some control of Turkey's Dardanelles, Truman asked Congress to give $400 million to assist the "free people" in the countries against the "totalitarian" regimes. [7], The Truman Doctrine became a metaphor for emergency aid to keep a nation from communist influence.

Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. [7] It shifted American foreign policy toward the Soviet Union from détente (a relaxation of tension) to a policy of containment of Soviet expansion as advocated by diplomat George Kennan.

The effect was to end the Communist threat, and in 1952 both countries (Greece and Turkey) joined NATO, a military alliance that guaranteed their protection.[6]. The medical metaphor extended beyond the immediate aims of the Truman Doctrine in that the imagery combined with fire and flood imagery evocative of disaster provided the United States with an easy transition to direct military confrontation in later years with communist forces in Korea and Vietnam.

"Strategic imperatives, Democratic rhetoric: The United States and Turkey, 1945–52.,", Leffler, Melvyn P. "Strategy, Diplomacy, and the Cold War: the United States, Turkey, and NATO, 1945–1952", Offner, Arnold A. In a subsequent letter to him, Truman wrote "I think we ought to protest with all vigor... against the Russian program in Iran.

May. This is the currently selected item. Truman Doctrine, pronouncement by U.S. President Harry S. Truman on March 12, 1947, declaring immediate economic and military aid to the governments of Greece, threatened by communist insurrection, and Turkey, under pressure from Soviet expansion in the Mediterranean area. In the second stage of the civil war in December (The Dekemvriana), the British helped prevent the seizure of Athens by the National Liberation Front (EAM), controlled effectively by the Greek Communist Party (KKE).

Because Turkey and Greece were historic rivals, it was necessary to help both equally, even though the threat to Greece was more immediate.

To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. Aid would be given to both Greece and Turkey, to help cool the long-standing rivalry between them.

In March 1947, President Truman appeared before Congress and used Kennan's Containment policy as the basis for what became known as the Truman Doctrine.

Increased American aid helped defeat the KKE, after interim defeats for government forces from 1946 to 1948. He was best known as an advocate of a policy of containment of Soviet expansion during the Cold War.He lectured widely and wrote scholarly histories of the …

The British realized that the Greek leftists were being directly funded by Josip Broz Tito in neighboring Yugoslavia; the Greek communists received little help directly from the Soviet Union, while Yugoslavia provided support and sanctuary.
The Doctrine was informally extended to become the basis of American Cold War policy throughout Europe and around the world.

A few days later, Churchill delivered his “Iron Curtain” speech about developments in Europe.[9]. Start of the Cold War - The Berlin airlift and the creation of NATO. Big Stick Policy? Smith. ?
", People of the American Civil War by state, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, Foreign policy doctrines of the United States, History of the foreign relations of the United States, Special Message to Congress on Greece and Turkey, http://www.Trumanlibrary.org/publicpapers/index.php?pid=2189&st=&st1=, http://books.google.com/books?id=qqDA6OGvhmUC&pg=PA194, http://jah.oxfordjournals.org/content/99/1/24.full.pdf, "Containment and the Cold War: Reexaming the Doctrine of Containment as a Grand Strategy Driving US Cold War Interventions", http://www.studentpulse.com/articles/672/containment-and-the-cold-war-reexaming-the-doctrine-of-containment-as-a-grand-strategy-driving-us-cold-war-interventions, Truman Comments on Greek Politicking, 1947, Truman Library website with papers related to the Truman Doctrine, https://military.wikia.org/wiki/Truman_Doctrine?oldid=4472487. African Americans, women, and the GI Bill, Start of the Cold War - The Yalta Conference and containment, Start of the Cold War - The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan, Start of the Cold War - The Berlin airlift and the creation of NATO. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked.

In the third phase (1946–1949), guerrilla forces controlled by the Greek Communist Party (KKE) fought against the internationally recognized Greek government which was formed after 1946 elections boycotted by the KKE. "Kennan, 'Universalism,' and the Truman Doctrine,", Gaddis, John Lewis. To Truman, with growing unrest in Greece, it began to look like a pincer movement against the oil-rich areas of the Middle East and the warm-water ports of the Mediterranean.

Truman outlined what became known as the Truman Doctrine in a speech to a joint session of Congress on March 12, 1947, in which he emphasized the broader consequences of a failure to protect democracy in Greece and Turkey by saying: The United Nations is designed to make possible lasting freedom and independence for all its members. American policy makers recognized the instability of the region, fearing that if Greece was lost to Communism, Turkey would not last long.

It dealt with Washington's concern over communism's domino effect, it enabled a media-sensitive presentation of the doctrine that won bipartisan support, and it mobilized American economic power to modernize and stabilize unstable regions without direct military intervention.

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During that time, Soviet imperialism in Eastern Europe, its delayed withdrawal from Iran, and the breakdown of Allied cooperation in Germany provide the backdrop of escalating tensions for the Truman Doctrine; the U.S. response has been much debated by historians. Only one language do they understand...I do not think we should play compromise any longer...I am tired of babying the Soviets. "[9] On 30 January 1946 the UN Security Council approved Resolution 2 concerning the Soviet withdrawal from Iran; Resolutions 3 and 5 were also approved in April and May. Truman used disease imagery not only to communicate a sense of impending disaster in the spread of communism but also to create a "rhetorical vision" of containing it by extending a protective shield around non-communist countries throughout the world. ", Kayaoğlu, Barın. Barın Kayaoğlu, "Strategic imperatives, Democratic rhetoric: The United States and Turkey, 1945–52.

[14] By late 1946 the weakening British economy meant the British could no longer support Greece, and so London asked the U.S. to step in.[15]. Turkey received $100 million in economic and military aid. [16], The Truman Doctrine underpinned American Cold War policy in Europe and around the world.

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